Distinguish between a sigma and a pi bond.
Solution and Explanation
The following are the differences between sigma and pi-bonds:
| Sigma \((\sigma)\) Bond | Pi \({(\pi)}\) Bond |
|---|---|
| (a) It is formed by the end to end overlap of orbitals. | It is formed by the lateral overlap of orbitals. |
| (b) The orbitals involved in the overlapping are \(s-s, s-p\) ,or \(p-p\). | These bonds are formed by the overlap of\( p-p\) orbitals only. |
| (c) It is a strong bond. | It is weak bond. |
| (d) The electron cloud is symmetrical about the line joining the two nuclei. | The electron cloud is not symmetrical. |
| (e) It consists of one electron cloud, which is symmetrical about the internuclear axis. | There are two electron clouds lying above and below the plane of the atomic nuclei. |
| (f) Free rotation about σ bonds is possible. | Rotation is restricted in case of \(pi-bonds\). |
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Concepts Used:
Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure
Such a group of atoms is called a molecule. Obviously, there must be some force that holds these constituent atoms together in the molecules. The attractive force which holds various constituents (atoms, ions, etc.) together in different chemical species is called a chemical bond.
Types of Chemical Bonds:
There are 4 types of chemical bonds which are formed by atoms or molecules to yield compounds.
- Ionic Bonds - Ionic bonding is a type of chemical bonding which involves a transfer of electrons from one atom or molecule to another.
- Covalent Bonds - Compounds that contain carbon commonly exhibit this type of chemical bonding.
- Hydrogen Bonds - It is a type of polar covalent bonding between oxygen and hydrogen wherein the hydrogen develops a partial positive charge
- Polar Bonds - In Polar Covalent chemical bonding, electrons are shared unequally since the more electronegative atom pulls the electron pair closer to itself and away from the less electronegative atom.
Factors Affecting Bond Enthalpy in Chemical Bonding:
- Size of the Atom
- Multiplicity of Bonds
- Number of Lone Pair of Electrons Present
- Bond Angle