Question

Discuss India’s relations with China.

Hint:

India-China relations can be remembered in phases: \textbf{Friendship → Conflict (1962) → Normalization → Trade + Rivalry}.

Answer 1

India and China are two of the world’s most ancient civilizations and largest neighbors. Their relations have been marked by cooperation as well as conflict. 1. Early Friendship (1950s):
After independence, India recognized the People’s Republic of China in 1950. The slogan “Hindi-Chini Bhai-Bhai” symbolized friendship. In 1954, the two nations signed the Panchsheel Agreement, based on five principles of peaceful coexistence.
2. Border Disputes and War (1962):
Relations soured due to disputes over the Aksai Chin region (Ladakh) and Arunachal Pradesh. In 1962, China launched a war against India, which strained relations deeply and left unresolved border issues.
3. Post-War Tensions:
Throughout the 1960s–1970s, relations remained tense, with limited communication. However, in 1976, diplomatic ties were restored at the ambassadorial level.
4. Rapprochement (1980s–1990s):
In the 1980s, both countries began dialogue to reduce tensions. Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi’s 1988 visit to China marked a turning point. Later, agreements in the 1990s focused on maintaining peace and tranquility along the Line of Actual Control (LAC).
5. Economic and Strategic Relations:
Since the 2000s, India and China have developed strong trade relations. China is now one of India’s largest trading partners. Both nations also cooperate in international organizations like BRICS, SCO, and the UN. However, strategic rivalry remains due to China’s closeness with Pakistan and influence in South Asia.
6. Recent Developments:
Border tensions resurfaced with incidents such as Doklam (2017) and the Galwan Valley clash (2020). While dialogue continues, mistrust remains a major challenge in India-China relations.
Conclusion:
India-China relations are characterized by a mix of cooperation and conflict. While economic ties are strong, unresolved border disputes and strategic rivalries remain key obstacles to building full trust between the two Asian giants.