Comprehension
Direction for Reading Comprehension: The passages given here are followed by some questions that have four answer choices; read the passage carefully and pick the option whose answer best aligns with the passage.
Back in the early 2000s, an awesome thing happened in the New X-Men comics. Our mutant heroes had been battling giant robots called Sentinels for years, but suddenly these mechanical overlords spawned a new threat: Nano-Sentinels! Not content to rule Earth with their metal fists, these tiny robots invaded our bodies at the microscopic level. Infected humans were slowly converted into machines, cell by cell.
Now, a new wave of extremely odd robots is making at least part of the Nano-Sentinels story come true. Using exotic fabrication materials like squishy hydrogels and elastic polymers, researchers are making autonomous devices that are often tiny and that could turn out to be more powerful than an army of Terminators. Some are 1-centimetre blobs that can skate overwater. Others are flat sheets that can roll themselves into tubes, or matchstick-sized plastic coils that act as powerful muscles. No, they won’t be invading our bodies and turning us into Sentinels – which I personally find a little disappointing – but some of them could one day swim through our bloodstream to heal us. They could also clean up pollutants in water or fold themselves into different kinds of vehicles for us to drive. . . .
Unlike a traditional robot, which is made of mechanical parts, these new kinds of robots are made from molecular parts. The principle is the same: both are devices that can move around and do things independently. But a robot made from smart materials might be nothing more than a pink drop of hydrogel. Instead of gears and wires, it’s assembled from two kinds of molecules – some that love water and some that avoid it – which interact to allow the bot to skate on top of a pond.
Sometimes these materials are used to enhance more conventional robots. One team of researchers, for example, has developed a different kind of hydrogel that becomes sticky when exposed to a low-voltage zap of electricity and then stops being sticky when the electricity is switched off. This putty-like gel can be pasted right onto the feet or wheels of a robot. When the robot wants to climb a sheer wall or scoot across the ceiling, it can activate its sticky feet with a few volts. Once it is back on a flat surface again, the robot turns off the adhesive like a light switch.
Robots that are wholly or partly made of gloop aren’t the future that I was promised in science fiction. But it’s definitely the future I want. I’m especially keen on the nanometre- scale “soft robots” that could one day swim through our bodies. Metin Sitti, a director at the Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems in Germany, worked with colleagues to prototype these tiny, synthetic beasts using various stretchy materials, such as simple rubber, and seeding them with magnetic microparticles. They are assembled into a finished shape by applying magnetic fields. The results look like flowers or geometric shapes made from Tinkertoy ball and stick modelling kits. They’re guided through tubes of fluid using magnets, and can even stop and cling to the sides of a tube
Question: 1

Which one of the following statements, if true, would be the most direct extension of the arguments in the passage?

Updated On: Jul 22, 2025
  • In the future, robots will be used to search and destroy diseases even in the deepest recesses of the human body.
  • X-Men may be created by injecting people with mutant nano-gels that will respond to the brain’s magnetic field.
  • Sentinel robots will be used in warfare to cause large-scale destructive mutations amongst civilians.
  • 1-centimetre blobs of gel that have nano-robots in them will be used to send messages.
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The Correct Option is A

Solution and Explanation

To determine which statement is the most direct extension of the arguments presented in the passage, we need to identify the core themes and advancements discussed in the text.

The passage highlights the potential for tiny and advanced "soft robots" that could operate at a microscopic level within the human body. It notes that these nanometre-scale robots are particularly promising for swimming through the bloodstream and performing functions like healing, by leveraging materials such as hydrogels and magnetic microparticles.

Given this context, let's evaluate the options:

  1. In the future, robots will be used to search and destroy diseases even in the deepest recesses of the human body.

    This statement aligns directly with the passage's discussion about nanometre-scale robots operating within the human body to perform healing functions. Therefore, it is the most direct extension of the passage's arguments.

  2. X-Men may be created by injecting people with mutant nano-gels that will respond to the brain’s magnetic field.

    This statement introduces a fictional and speculative concept not directly related to the passage's primary focus on medical advancements.

  3. Sentinel robots will be used in warfare to cause large-scale destructive mutations amongst civilians.

    This statement suggests a military application, deviating from the passage's focus on medical and environmental benefits of robots.

  4. 1-centimetre blobs of gel that have nano-robots in them will be used to send messages.

    While it talks about using advanced materials, it does not align with the medical focus and potential benefits highlighted in the passage.

Therefore, the correct option that most directly extends the passage's arguments is the first one: In the future, robots will be used to search and destroy diseases even in the deepest recesses of the human body.

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Question: 2

Which one of the following statements best summarises the central point of the passage?

Updated On: Jul 22, 2025
  • Robots will use nano-robots on their feet and wheels to climb walls or move on ceilings.
  • Once the stuff of science fiction, nano-robots now feature in cutting-edge scientific research.
  • Nano-robots made from molecules that react to water have become increasingly useful.
  • The field of robotics is likely to be feature more and more in comics like the New X-Men
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The Correct Option is B

Solution and Explanation

The passage describes the evolution of nano-robots from being a concept in science fiction to becoming part of contemporary scientific research. The focus is on how these tiny robots, inspired by fictional narratives like the Nano-Sentinels in the New X-Men comics, are now being developed using advanced materials such as hydrogels and polymers. These materials are used to create autonomous devices that have various applications, from medical uses within the human body to environmental clean-up tasks. The passage emphasizes the transition of nano-robots from an imaginative idea to a tangible, cutting-edge technological advancement.

Best Summary of the Passage:

Among the given options, the statement that best summarizes the central point of the passage is:

"Once the stuff of science fiction, nano-robots now feature in cutting-edge scientific research."

This option captures the essence of the narrative, highlighting the progression from fiction to real-world research.

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Question: 3

Which one of the following scenarios, if false, could be seen as supporting the passage?

Updated On: Jul 22, 2025
  • Some hydrogels turn sticky when an electric current is passed through them; this potentially has very useful applications.
  • Robots made from smart materials are likely to become part of our everyday lives in the future.
  • Nano-Sentinel-like robots are likely to be used to inject people to convert them into robots, cell by cell.
  • There are two kinds of molecules used to make some nano-robots: one that reacts positively to water and the other negatively.
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The Correct Option is C

Solution and Explanation

The task requires identifying which scenario, if false, could support the passage's theme. Examining the passage reveals a focus on advancements in robotics, particularly the potential and limitations of robotic technologies like Nano-Sentinels and soft robots.

The passage discusses:

  • Development of robots made from smart materials, such as hydrogels and polymers.
  • Nano-Sentinels in the context of comics versus real-life applications which do not convert humans into robots.
  • Potential uses of these technologies, including environmental cleanup and medical applications.

Now, evaluate each option:

  1. Some hydrogels turn sticky when an electric current is passed through them; this potentially has very useful applications. - This aligns with the passage's discussion and does not directly support or contradict the passage if false.
  2. Robots made from smart materials are likely to become part of our everyday lives in the future. - Similarly, this supports the message within the passage about the future applications of these technologies.
  3. Nano-Sentinel-like robots are likely to be used to inject people to convert them into robots, cell by cell. - This scenario directly contradicts the passage's statements about not turning humans into robots, hence if false, it supports the passage.
  4. There are two kinds of molecules used to make some nano-robots: one that reacts positively to water and the other negatively. - The passage contains similar information about molecular interaction, supporting it whether true or false.

Thus, the scenario that, when false, supports the passage is: Nano-Sentinel-like robots are likely to be used to inject people to convert them into robots, cell by cell.

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Question: 4

Which one of the following statements best captures the sense of the first paragraph?

Updated On: Jul 22, 2025
  • The X-Men were mutant heroes who now had to battle tiny robots called Nano-Sentinels.
  • People who were infected by Nano-Sentinel robots became mutants who were called X-Men.
  • Tiny sentinels called X-Men infected people, turning them into mutant robot overlords.
  • None of the options listed here.
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The Correct Option is A

Solution and Explanation

To determine which statement best captures the sense of the first paragraph, we must interpret the text. The passage begins by mentioning an event in the New X-Men comics where mutant heroes face a new threat called Nano-Sentinels. These tiny robots are described as invading human bodies at a microscopic level, converting humans into part machines. From this information, we deduce:
  • Relevant Details: X-Men are mutant heroes; they encounter "tiny robots" called Nano-Sentinels, which invade and convert humans.
Now, let's evaluate the options:
  1. The X-Men were mutant heroes who now had to battle tiny robots called Nano-Sentinels.
    Analysis: This aligns perfectly with the paragraph, as it describes the X-Men as heroes who confront Nano-Sentinels.
  2. People who were infected by Nano-Sentinel robots became mutants who were called X-Men.
    Analysis: Incorrect. The Nano-Sentinels convert humans to part machines, not mutants or X-Men.
  3. Tiny sentinels called X-Men infected people, turning them into mutant robot overlords.
    Analysis: Incorrect. The X-Men are heroes, not the infecting sentinels.
  4. None of the options listed here.
    Analysis: Since option 1 is accurate, this is incorrect.
Conclusively, the correct answer is: The X-Men were mutant heroes who now had to battle tiny robots called Nano-Sentinels.
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