Question

Direct DNA transfer method(s) used for plant genetic engineering is(are)

• A. microparticle bombardment
• B. electroporation
• C. polyethylene glycol treatment
• D. Agrobacterium-mediated transformation

Hint:

Direct methods: Biolistics, electroporation, PEG-mediated.
Indirect methods: Agrobacterium, viral vectors.
Direct methods are often used when Agrobacterium is ineffective (e.g., in monocots).

Answer 1

The Correct Option is A, B, C

Step 1: Direct DNA transfer methods physically or chemically deliver foreign DNA into plant cells without using biological vectors.
Step 2: Microparticle bombardment (biolistics) is a direct method where DNA-coated particles are shot into cells (option A is correct).
Step 3: Electroporation uses high-voltage electrical pulses to transiently permeabilize cell membranes, allowing DNA to enter (option B is correct).
Step 4: Polyethylene glycol (PEG) treatment facilitates uptake of DNA by protoplasts and is a direct method (option C is correct).
Step 5: Agrobacterium-mediated transformation (option D) is an indirect method, since it uses a bacterium as a natural vector.
\(\therefore\) The correct direct DNA transfer methods are (A), (B), and (C).