Question

Describe the teachings and philosophy of Virashaiva tradition.

Hint:

Virashaiva tradition promoted devotion to Shiva without rituals, upheld social equality, and expressed its philosophy through powerful poetic verses called Vachanas.

Answer 1

The Virashaiva tradition, also known as Lingayatism, emerged in Karnataka in the 12th century under the leadership of Basavanna. It challenged caste hierarchy and ritualism, promoting a more egalitarian form of devotion to Shiva. Key Teachings and Philosophical Aspects:

• Devotion to Shiva: Followers worshipped Shiva in the form of Ishtalinga, which was worn on the body and symbolized a direct personal connection with God.
• Rejection of Caste System: The Virashaivas opposed Brahmanical dominance and the caste hierarchy, emphasizing equality of all human beings regardless of birth.
• Critique of Rituals: They rejected Vedic rituals, idol worship in temples, and believed in internal devotion and ethical living.
• Upliftment of Women and Lower Castes: The movement encouraged participation of women and marginalized groups, advocating social reforms.
• Simple Living and Work Ethic: They believed in earning one’s living through honest labor (Kayaka) and sharing wealth with the community (Dasoha).
• Philosophical Writings: Their ideas were expressed through Vachanas—short poetic compositions written in Kannada, which conveyed moral and spiritual messages.