Question

Describe the causes or determinants of violence.

Hint:

A useful framework for explaining violence is the "cycle of violence." This concept highlights how being a victim of or witness to violence in childhood is a strong predictor of perpetrating violence in adulthood, linking psychological (learning) and social (environmental) factors.

Answer 1

Violence is a complex behavior with multiple determinants that span biological, psychological, and social domains. No single factor can explain it; rather, it results from an interaction of various risk factors.
1. Biological Determinants:

Genetics and Hormones: There may be a genetic predisposition to aggression. High levels of hormones like testosterone have been linked to increased aggressive behavior.
Neurological Factors: Abnormalities in brain regions responsible for impulse control and emotion regulation, such as the prefrontal cortex and the amygdala, can be a contributing factor.
Substance Abuse: Alcohol and certain drugs can lower inhibitions and impair judgment, increasing the likelihood of violent behavior.
2. Psychological Determinants:

Frustration and Anger: The Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis suggests that frustration can lead to aggression. Poor anger management skills can escalate conflicts into violence.
Social Learning: Albert Bandura's theory posits that violent behavior is learned by observing and imitating others, such as violent parents or media figures. If violence is seen as a rewarded or effective way to solve problems, it is more likely to be adopted.
Personality and Mental Health: Traits like low empathy, impulsivity, and a need for dominance are associated with violence. Certain mental health disorders, though not a direct cause, can increase risk if untreated.
3. Social and Environmental Determinants:

Poverty and Inequality: Socioeconomic deprivation, lack of opportunity, and high levels of inequality are strong predictors of community violence.
Exposure to Violence: Growing up in a violent family or community normalizes violence and can lead to a cycle of aggression.
Cultural Norms: Cultures or subcultures that glorify violence, emphasize honor and retribution, or have strong patriarchal norms can foster higher rates of violence.