Question

Describe any four features of federalism.

Hint:

Federalism divides power between a central government and regional governments. It ensures unity while accommodating diversity within a country.

Answer 1

Federalism is a system of government in which power is divided between a central (national) government and various regional (state) governments. The following are the key features of federalism:

1. Dual Government Structure:
- In a federal system, there are two levels of government:
the Central Government and the State Government. Each level of government has specific powers, and they operate within their jurisdiction. For instance, the Union Government in India deals with national issues, while the State Governments manage regional matters like education and health.
2. Written Constitution:
- Federal systems usually have a written constitution that defines the powers and responsibilities of each level of government. It also outlines how conflicts between the two levels will be resolved. For example, the Indian Constitution clearly defines the Union List, State List, and Concurrent List, specifying which areas each government can legislate upon.
3. Division of Powers:
- The key feature of federalism is the division of powers between the central government and the states. Some powers are exclusive to the central government (like defense), while others are reserved for the states (like police). There is also a Concurrent List where both levels of government can legislate on certain matters (such as education).
4. Independent Judiciary:
- In a federal system, there is usually an independent judiciary that ensures the laws and actions of both central and state governments are in accordance with the constitution. The judiciary acts as an arbitrator when disputes arise between the two levels of government. In India, the Supreme Court plays this role by resolving conflicts between the Union and States.