Comprehension
Chinese President Xi Jinping and Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi used a BRICS summit in Russia recently to showcase ambitions for a more harmonious relationship between the world's two most populous countries after years of animosity.
The meeting between Xi and Modi, who have not held formal talks for five years, was one highlight of a summit. BRICS also gave an opportunity to the Russian President Vladimir Putin for showcasing that the West had failed to isolate Russia over the Ukraine war.
A final communique listed a number of projects aimed at facilitating trade between BRICS nations including an alternative payment system to the dollar but did not include details or timelines.
Just two days after New Delhi announced that it had reached a deal with Beijing to resolve a four-year military stand-off on their disputed Himalayan frontier, Xi told Modi that they should enhance communication and cooperation and effectively manage differences.
BRICS - an idea thought up inside Goldman Sachs two decades ago to describe the growing economic clout of China and other major emerging markets - is now a group that accounts for 45% of the world's population and 35% of the global economy.
Former Goldman Sachs economist Jim O'Neill, who coined the BRIC term in 2001, told Reuters that he had little optimism for the BRICS club as long as China and India remained so divided.
"It seems to me basically to be a symbolie annual gathering where important emerging countries, particularly noisy ones like Russia, but also China, can basically get together and highlight how good it is to be part of something that doesn't involve the U.S. and that global governance isn't good enough,"
The 43-page final communique from the summit ranged from geopolitics and narcoties to artificial intelligence and even the preservation of Big Cats, but lacked detail on some major issues. It mentioned Ukraine just once.
(Excerpts from "Putin scores a BRICS win with rare Xi and Modi show of harmony" By Vladimir Soldatkin and Guy Faulconbridge, Reuters, October 23, 2024)
The meeting between Xi and Modi, who have not held formal talks for five years, was one highlight of a summit. BRICS also gave an opportunity to the Russian President Vladimir Putin for showcasing that the West had failed to isolate Russia over the Ukraine war.
A final communique listed a number of projects aimed at facilitating trade between BRICS nations including an alternative payment system to the dollar but did not include details or timelines.
Just two days after New Delhi announced that it had reached a deal with Beijing to resolve a four-year military stand-off on their disputed Himalayan frontier, Xi told Modi that they should enhance communication and cooperation and effectively manage differences.
BRICS - an idea thought up inside Goldman Sachs two decades ago to describe the growing economic clout of China and other major emerging markets - is now a group that accounts for 45% of the world's population and 35% of the global economy.
Former Goldman Sachs economist Jim O'Neill, who coined the BRIC term in 2001, told Reuters that he had little optimism for the BRICS club as long as China and India remained so divided.
"It seems to me basically to be a symbolie annual gathering where important emerging countries, particularly noisy ones like Russia, but also China, can basically get together and highlight how good it is to be part of something that doesn't involve the U.S. and that global governance isn't good enough,"
The 43-page final communique from the summit ranged from geopolitics and narcoties to artificial intelligence and even the preservation of Big Cats, but lacked detail on some major issues. It mentioned Ukraine just once.
(Excerpts from "Putin scores a BRICS win with rare Xi and Modi show of harmony" By Vladimir Soldatkin and Guy Faulconbridge, Reuters, October 23, 2024)
Question: 1
Which statement reflects as a critique from the Western establishment?
Which statement reflects as a critique from the Western establishment?
Updated On: Sep 10, 2025
- BRICS currency cannot displace Dollars
- Asian economies will not impact Western economy
- India-China conflicts will impact progress of BRICS
- All of the above
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The Correct Option is C
Solution and Explanation
The critique from the Western establishment, as reflected in the provided comprehension, is that the ongoing conflicts between India and China could hinder the progress of BRICS. This sentiment is echoed by former economist Jim O'Neill's view, indicating skepticism about the BRICS group's efficacy if China and India remain divided, thus weakening the bloc's potential impact.
| Option | Critique |
| BRICS currency cannot displace Dollars | Reflects skepticism on currency impact |
| Asian economies will not impact Western economy | Reflects skepticism on economic impact |
| India-China conflicts will impact progress of BRICS | Reflects concern on BRICS unity |
Given this analysis, the correct answer is: India-China conflicts will impact progress of BRICS.
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Question: 2
The emergence of BRICS signals:
The emergence of BRICS signals:
Updated On: Sep 10, 2025
- Asian consolidation of economic power
- Diminishing European dominance
- Revival of Nonaligned movement
- A geopolitics without US dominance
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The Correct Option is D
Solution and Explanation
BRICS, an association of five major emerging economies: Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa, was originally conceptualized to reflect the shifting global economic power dynamics. The recent summit, as described, displays the strategic and geopolitical ambitions of these nations. The primary understanding from the meeting held in Russia, attended by leaders such as Chinese President Xi Jinping and Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi, is the effort to advocate for a multipolar world. This effort includes:
- Enhanced Cooperation: Heads like Xi and Modi agreed on improving communication and cooperation between China and India, spotlighting efforts to reduce historical tensions and focusing on mutual interests.
- Alternative Systems: Discussion of an alternative payment system to reduce the dependency on the dollar reflects waning reliance on Western financial systems, indicating a shift toward more autonomous economic architecture.
- Geopolitical Implications: The main theme from the cumulative understanding of these strategic moves is to reduce US contiguity and influence in global governance. Russia, in particular, seeks to showcase that Western isolation attempts, given its Ukraine stance, have been ineffective.
- Symbolic Representation: While the actions are incremental, the BRICS summit is a symbolic demonstration that emerging powers aim to formulate a geopolitical equilibrium void of US dominance.
- Population and Economic Weight: BRICS accounts for 45% of the world's population and 35% of global GDP, underscoring its potential impact on global economics and politics.
The intersection of these elements from the summit supports the conclusion towards a geopolitics without US dominance as the defining indication of the BRICS emergence.
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Question: 3
Which one of the below is an outcome of 16th BRICS meeting?
Which one of the below is an outcome of 16th BRICS meeting?
Updated On: Sep 10, 2025
- Proposal to end Russia-Ukraine war
- To expand BRICS by including Scandinavian countries
- To reassign China’s claim of Taiwan
- Reducing tension between India and China
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The Correct Option is D
Solution and Explanation
The correct outcome of the 16th BRICS meeting is Reducing tension between India and China. This conclusion is based on the interactions between Chinese President Xi Jinping and Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi during the summit held in Russia. Their meeting, which was a significant highlight, aimed at fostering a more harmonious relationship between the two populous nations after years of hostility.
The summit provided an opportunity for both leaders to announce collaborative efforts post New Delhi's decision to resolve a prolonged military standoff with Beijing along their contested Himalayan border. This emphasis on reducing tensions and increasing bilateral communication and cooperation was a key outcome of the summit discussions.
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Question: 4
The 16th BRICS achieved the following:
The 16th BRICS achieved the following:
Updated On: Sep 10, 2025
- Launch of BRICS currency
- De-escalation of Russian-Ukrainian conflict
- Diplomatic dialogue between India and China
- All of the above
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The Correct Option is C
Solution and Explanation
Based on the provided comprehension, the correct answer to the question about the 16th BRICS achievements is: Diplomatic dialogue between India and China.
The comprehension highlights a meeting between China's President Xi Jinping and India's Prime Minister Narendra Modi at the BRICS summit. This meeting was significant because it was their first formal dialogue in five years and symbolized a potential easing of relations following a prolonged period of tension. This aligns with the answer option "Diplomatic dialogue between India and China."
The other options are not supported by the content:
- Launch of BRICS currency: The comprehension mentions alternative payment systems but no specific BRICS currency launch.
- De-escalation of Russian-Ukrainian conflict: The document briefly references Russia's involvement with the Ukraine war but does not detail any de-escalation efforts.
- All of the above: This is incorrect as the stated events do not all align with the situations described.
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Question: 5
What does the letter “S” in BRICS stand for?
What does the letter “S” in BRICS stand for?
Updated On: Sep 10, 2025
- Saudi Arabia
- Singapore
- South America
- South Africa
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The Correct Option is D
Solution and Explanation
The letter “S” in BRICS stands for “South Africa.”
BRICS is an acronym for an association of five major emerging national economies: Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa. The addition of South Africa to the group expanded the acronym from BRIC to BRICS. This coalition aims to promote peace, security, and development among member countries and acts as a collective voice on global and regional issues.
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Question: 6
The initiative of Big Cats Alliance refers to:
The initiative of Big Cats Alliance refers to:
Updated On: Sep 10, 2025
- Lions, Tigers and Jaguar
- Tigers, Jaguar and Leopard
- Lions, Cheetah and Snow Leopard
- All of the above
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The Correct Option is D
Solution and Explanation
The initiative of Big Cats Alliance refers to the conservation efforts aimed at preserving the habitats and populations of big cats around the world. The options provided are:
1. Lions, Tigers and Jaguar
2. Tigers, Jaguar and Leopard
3. Lions, Cheetah and Snow Leopard
4. All of the above
Correct Answer: All of the above
Explanation: The reference to "Big Cats" generally includes several species across different habitats. This initiative aims to preserve numerous big cat species whose populations are threatened. Such efforts often include lions, tigers, jaguars, leopards, cheetahs, and snow leopards—covering the various combinations mentioned in the options. Therefore, the correct answer is "All of the above", as it encompasses all the mentioned big cats under conservation efforts.
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Questions Asked in CLAT exam
From a very early age, I knew that when I grew up, I should be a writer. I had the lonely child's habit of making up stories and holding conversations with imaginary persons, and I think from the very start my literary ambitions were mixed up with the feeling of being isolated and undervalued. I knew that I had a facility with words and a power of facing unpleasant facts, and I felt that this created a sort of private world in which I could get my own back for my failure in everyday life. I wanted to write enormous naturalistic novels with unhappy endings, full of detailed descriptions and arresting similes, and also full of purple passages in which words were used partly for the sake of their sound. I give all this background information because I do not think one can assess a writer's motives without knowing something of his early development.
His subject-matter will be determined by the age he lives in — at least this is true in tumultuous, revolutionary ages like our own — but before he ever begins to write he will have acquired an emotional attitude from which he will never completely escape. It is his job to discipline his temperament, but if he escapes from his early influences altogether, he will have killed his impulse to write. I think there are four great motives for writing, at any rate for writing prose. They are: (i) Sheer egoism: Desire to seem clever, to be talked about, to be remembered after death, to get your own back on grown-ups who snubbed you in childhood; (ii) Aesthetic enthusiasm: Desire to share an experience which one feels is valuable and ought not to be missed (iii) Historical impulse: Desire to see things as they are, to find out true facts and store them up for the use of posterity (iv) Political purpose: Desire to push the world in a certain direction, to alter other people's idea of the kind of society that they should strive after.
[Extracted with edits from George Orwell's "Why I Write"]- CLAT - 2025
- Reading Comprehension
- The right kind of education consists in understanding the child as he is without imposing upon him an ideal of what we think he should be. To enclose him in the framework of an ideal is to encourage him to conform, which breeds fear and produces in him a constant conflict between what he is and what he should be: and all inward conflicts have their outward manifestations in society. If the parent loves the child, he observes him, he studies his tendencies, his moods, and peculiarities. It is only when one feels no love for the child that one imposes upon him an ideal, for then one's ambitions are trying to fulfill themselves in him, wanting him to become this or that. If one loves, not the ideal but the child, then there is a possibility of helping him to understand himself as he is.
Ideals are a convenient escape, and the teacher who follows them is incapable of understanding his students and dealing with them intelligently; for him, the future ideal, the what should be, is far more important than the present child. The pursuit of an ideal excludes love, and without love no human problem can be solved. If the teacher is of the right kind, he will not depend on a method, but will study each individual pupil. In our relationship with children and young people, we are not dealing with mechanical devices that can be quickly repaired, but with living beings who are impressionable, volatile, sensitive, afraid, affectionate: and to deal with them, we have to have great understanding, the strength of patience and love. When we lack these, we look to quick and easy remedies and hope for marvellous and automatic results. If we are unaware, mechanical in our attitudes and actions, we fight shy of any demand upon us that is disturbing and that cannot be met by an automatic response, and this is one of our major difficulties in education.
(Extract with edits from "The right kind of Education" by J. Krishna Murti)- CLAT - 2025
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- Education is not the amount of information that is put into your brain and runs riot there, undigested, all your life. We must have life-building, man-making, character-making assimilation of ideas.... If education were identical with information, the libraries are the sages in the world and encyclopaedias are the rishis. Getting by heart the thoughts of others in a foreign language and stuffing your brain with them and taking some University degree, you consider yourself educated. Is this education? What is the goal of your education? Open your eyes and see what a piteous cry for food is rising in the land of Bharata, proverbial for its food. Will your education fulfill this want?
We want that education by which character is formed, strength of mind is increased, the intellect is expanded and by which one can stand on one's own feet. What we need to study independent of foreign control, different branches of the knowledge that is our own, and with it the English language and Western science; we need technical education and all else that will develop industries so that men instead of seeking for service may earn enough to provide for themselves and save against a rainy day. The end of all education, all training, should be man-making. The end and aim of all training are to make the man grow. The training by which the current expression of will are brought under control and become fruitful, is called education. What our country now wants are muscles of iron and nerves of steel, gigantic wills, which nothing can resist, which can penetrate into the mysteries and secrets of the universe and will accomplish their purpose in any fashion, even if it meant going down to the bottom of the ocean, meeting death face to face.
There is only one method of attaining knowledge. It is by concentration. The very essence of education is concentration of mind. From the lowest to the highest man, all have to use the same method to attain knowledge. The chemist who works in the laboratory concentrates on elements to analyze them. Knowledge is acquired by concentration.
[Extracted with edits from "Education" by Swami Vivekananda]- CLAT - 2025
- Reading Comprehension
- Punctually at midday, he opened his bag and spread out his professional equipment, which consisted of a dozen cowrie shells, a square piece of cloth with obscure mystic charts on it, a notebook, and a bundle of palmyra writing. His forehead was dazzling with sacred ash and vermilion, and his eyes sparkled with a sharp, abnormal gleam which was really an outcome of a continual searching look for customers, but which his simple clients took to be a prophetic light and felt comforted. The power of his eyes was considerably enhanced by their position placed as they were between the painted forehead and the dark whiskers which streamed down his cheeks: even a half-wit's eyes would sparkle in such a setting. People were attracted to him as bees are attracted to cosmos or dahlia stalks, He sat under the boughs of a spreading tamarind tree which flanked a path running through the town hall park, It was a remarkable place in many ways: a surging crowd was always moving up and down this narrow road morning till night. A variety of trades and occupations was represented all along its way: medicine sellers, sellers of stolen hardware and junk, magicians, and, above all, an auctioneer of cheap cloth, who created enough din all day to attract the whole town. Next to him in vociferousness came a vendor of fried groundnut, who gave his ware a fancy name each day, calling it "Bombay Ice Cream" one day, and on the next "Delhi Almond," and on the third "Raja's Delicacy," and so on and so forth, and people flocked to him. A considerable portion of this crowd dallied before the astrologer too. The astrologer transacted his business by the light of a flare which crackled and smoked up above the groundnut heap nearby.
(Extracted with edits from "An Astrologer's Day" by R.K. Narayan)- CLAT - 2025
- Reading Comprehension
- The "Nari Shakti Vandan Adhiniyam", 2023 Act received near-unanimous support in both the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha. The legislation mandates the reservation of one-third of all seats in the Lok Sabha, state legislative assemblies, and Delhi (as a union territory with an elected assembly) for women. This linking of the implementation of the Act to the implementing of two long-term exercises of census and delimitation, makes little sense to many, and sounds quite like empowerment delayed for now.
In a 2012 article 'Holding Up Half the Sky: Reservations for Women in India', Rudolf C Heredia breaks down the common misconceptions that cloud our understanding of women's political participation- "When women do attain a national leadership role it is often because they have inherited the mantle from their fathers ophusbands, rather than as persons in their own right and are then projected as matriarchs, part of the joint family, complementary to the patriarchy rather than a challenge to it."
In 'Equality versus Empowerment: Women in Indian Legislature', 2023, Soumya Bhowmick makes the case for going a step beyond quotas, and to turn our attention to the complexities that shape women's agency in the country. This, he argues, would require a bottoms-up approach, rather than merely handing out reservations in a top-down manner. "In a country like India with a considerably large heterogeneous population, the dissemination of legislative power would be insufficient to protect the interests of minority groups such as women, Scheduled Castes, and Scheduled Tribes." He concludes that "implementing the idea of reservation for women would bring about descriptive representation, but its transformation into substantive representation would depend on the change in the attitudes of the people."
While the reservation of one-third of seats for women belonging to the scheduled castes and tribes under the amendment to article 330a and 332 of the constitution is a welcome step, it remains to be seen whether it fully acknowledges the complex interplay of hierarchies, socio-political relationships which also affect the extent and nature of complications that surround effective realisation of women's politics for Indian politics to emerge as a truly emancipatory space.- CLAT - 2025
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