Question

Arrange the given steps in the pathogenesis of cardiac oedema due to congestive heart failure (CHF) in order of occurrence:
(A) It leads to renal retention of sodium and water.
(B) It leads to hypovolemia.
(C) CHF leads to reduced cardiac output.
(D) Extra-renal (aldosterone) mechanism, intrinsic-renal mechanism ADH secretion are stimulated.

• A. (A), (B), (C), (D)
• B. (A), (B), (C), (D)
• C. (A), (C), (B), (D)
• D. (C), (B), (A), (D)
• E.

Hint:

In CHF, the kidneys’ response to fluid retention worsens the condition by increasing fluid overload.

Answer 1

The Correct Option is A

Step 1: Understanding the pathogenesis.
Congestive heart failure (CHF) is a condition where the heart is unable to pump blood efficiently, leading to fluid retention and oedema (swelling).
Step 2: Breakdown of the steps.
- (A) It leads to renal retention of sodium and water: As the heart fails, reduced blood flow triggers the kidneys to retain sodium and water, leading to fluid buildup.
- (B) It leads to hypovolemia: Fluid retention causes hypovolemia, a decrease in circulating blood volume, as the body tries to compensate for poor cardiac output.
- (C) CHF leads to reduced cardiac output: The heart’s inability to pump effectively reduces the amount of blood pumped to the organs, exacerbating symptoms.
- (D) Extra-renal (aldosterone) mechanism, intrinsic-renal mechanism ADH secretion are stimulated: The body stimulates aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone (ADH) to retain water and sodium in an attempt to correct the hypovolemia.
Step 3: Conclusion.
The correct order of occurrence is (A), (B), (C), and (D).