To determine which condition involves an extra row of cilia posterior to the grey line, let's analyze the given options:
- Distichiasis: This condition involves an additional row of eyelashes (cilia) that grows abnormally close to the meibomian gland opening, often posterior to the normal lash line which can lead to irritation and other ocular surface issues.
- Tylosis: This refers to thickening of the skin, usually unrelated to eyelash growth.
- Madarosis: This is the loss of eyelashes, so it doesn't involve an additional row of cilia.
- Trichiasis: This involves misdirected growth of the eyelashes but does not specifically refer to an extra row posterior to the normal line.
The correct answer is Distichiasis as it specifically involves an extra row of cilia growing abnormally.