Question

According to Kohlberg's theory of moral development, in which stage morality is judged in terms of what satisfies own needs or those of others?

• A. Stage 1
• B. Stage 2
• C. Stage 3
• D. Stage 4

Hint:

Think of the Preconventional Level (Stages 1 and 2) as being focused on the {self}. {Stage 1} is about avoiding personal pain (punishment). {Stage 2} is about achieving personal pleasure/gain (satisfying needs).

Answer 1

The Correct Option is B

Step 1: Understanding the Concept:
The question asks to identify the specific stage in Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development where moral reasoning is based on self-interest and reciprocal exchange.
Step 2: Detailed Explanation:
Let's review the first few stages of Kohlberg's theory, which are part of the Preconventional Level of morality:

Stage 1: Obedience and Punishment Orientation. At this stage, the individual's moral reasoning is focused on avoiding punishment from authority figures. An action is seen as morally wrong if the person who commits it gets punished.
Stage 2: Individualism and Exchange. In this stage, the individual recognizes that there is not just one right view. Moral reasoning is based on self-interest and satisfying one's own needs. The guiding principle is "what's in it for me?" An element of fairness and reciprocity appears, but it is pragmatic ("you scratch my back, and I'll scratch yours"), not based on loyalty or justice. This directly matches the question's description.
Stage 3: Good Interpersonal Relationships. This is the first stage of the Conventional Level. Morality is based on living up to the expectations of family and community and being a "good person."
Stage 4: Maintaining the Social Order. At this stage, the individual becomes more aware of wider rules of society, and judgments are based on upholding laws to maintain order and avoid guilt.
Step 3: Final Answer:
Stage 2 is the stage where morality is judged in terms of satisfying one's own needs.