A specific recognition sequence identified by endonucleases to make cuts at specific positions within the DNA is
Poly(A) tail sequences
Degenerate primer sequence
Okazaki sequences
Palindromic Nucleotide sequences
The Correct Option is D
Solution and Explanation
The question asks about the type of nucleotide sequences that are identified by endonucleases to make specific cuts within the DNA. Let's go through the options one by one to understand why the correct answer is Palindromic Nucleotide sequences.
- Poly(A) tail sequences: These are stretches of adenine nucleotides added to the 3' end of mRNA molecules in eukaryotic cells. They are not involved in the recognition for DNA cutting by endonucleases, making this option incorrect.
- Degenerate primer sequence: These are sequences used in PCR to accommodate variability in the target DNA. They are not specific sites for endonuclease activity, so this option is incorrect.
- Okazaki sequences: These are short sequences of DNA nucleotides which are synthesized discontinuously and later linked together during DNA replication on the lagging strand. They are not sites for endonuclease cuts, so this option is not correct.
- Palindromic Nucleotide sequences: These sequences are read the same way forward and backward on complementary strands of DNA. Restriction endonucleases recognize and cleave these specific sequences to make precise cuts. This is the correct option. Many restriction enzymes specifically recognize palindromic sequences to cut DNA, which is essential for molecular cloning and other genetic manipulations.
Based on this analysis, the correct answer is Palindromic Nucleotide sequences. These sequences are key sites for endonucleases to identify where to cleave the DNA strand. They play a crucial role in genetic engineering and molecular biology techniques.
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Concepts Used:
Proteins
An essential part of every cell in our body, protein is one of the three macronutrients which is required by our body in larger amounts. Proteins are made up of linear chains of smaller units called amino acids. Every biochemical process that takes place inside our bodies is possible because of these proteins. Proteins are 3-dimensional structures that are assembled with different amino acid sequences.
Functions of Protein
Proteins are used in many ways. Some of their functions are:
- Enzymes: Most of the important chemical reactions which take place inside a cell are mostly carried out by enzymes. They also play a role in regenerating and creating DNA molecules and carrying out complex processes.
- Hormonal Regulation: Proteins create various types of hormones that help in balancing the components of the body. For example, hormones like insulin help in regulating blood sugar and secretin. The formation of digestive juices essential for the whole digestion process is also possible because of hormones.
- Protection: Being the main constituent of antibodies, proteins protect our body against antigens and pathogens thus preventing infections.
- Energy: Proteins are one the most essential sources of energy required for our body movements. The right amount of proteins should be consumed so that they can be turned into energy.
- Structural functions: Proteins are the building blocks of the body. They are required for the growth, development, healing, and repair of tissues. Proteins are essential in order to strengthen various structures like hair, skin, and muscles. It is also present in the outer membrane of all cells in the human body.
Classification of Protein
Proteins are classified on the basis of:
- Shape
- Constitution
- Nature of Molecules
Protein Structure
A protein molecule is made from a long chain of amino acids, each linked to its neighbor through a covalent peptide bond. The structure of proteins are divided into four types:
- Primary Structure
- Secondary Structure
- Tertiary Sector
- Quaternary Structure