A solid with high electrical and thermal conductivity is:
A solid with high electrical and thermal conductivity is:
Show Hint
Thermal conductivity is the ability of a material to conduct heat. For most high-conductivity materials (metals), the electron mobility in the atom’s conduction electron band (collisions of vibrating electrons) is responsible for thermal and electrical conductivity. Li has atomic number 3 which is lowest among others.
- Si
- Li
- Nacl
Ice
The Correct Option is B
Approach Solution - 1
In lithium crystal, free electrons are present, hence, Li has high thermal and electrical conductivity.
- As it is an alkali metal, it has an electron in its outermost orbital.
- Due to the free electrons, it has extremely high electrical and thermal conductivity.
A solid with high electrical and thermal conductivity is Lithium.
Approach Solution -2
Thermal and electrical conductivity are related to each other.
- Thermal conductivity is the ability of a material to conduct heat and is denoted as \(k,\lambda\).
- Heat transfer occurs at a lower rate in materials of low thermal conductivity than in materials of high thermal conductivity.
- The SI unit of thermal conductivity is ‘watts'.
- Electrical conductivity is the measure of voltage required to get an amount of electric current to flow.
Like the other alkali metals, lithium has a single valence electron that is readily available for delocalization and contribution.
Hence, option B is the correct answer.
Note: Lithium has the highest lattice energy among alkali metals. This is because lattice energy depends upon the ratio of charge to size. The smaller the size, the larger the lattice energy.
Approach Solution -3
The correct option is (B): “Li”
Lithium has high electrical and thermal conductivity due to its low atomic number, which results in its ions having a small size and low ionization energy.
- This allows lithium ions to move freely through the lattice structure, resulting in high electrical conductivity.
- In addition, lithium has a low atomic weight and high thermal capacity, contributing to its high thermal conductivity.
- The metallic bond in lithium also allows for the efficient transfer of thermal energy through lattice vibrations.
These properties make lithium useful in a variety of applications, including batteries, heat exchangers, and thermoelectric devices.
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Concepts Used:
States of Matter
The matter is made up of very tiny particles and these particles are so small that we cannot see them with naked eyes.
There are three States of Matter:
The three states of matter are as follows:
Solid State:
- The solid-state is one of the fundamental states of matter.
- Solids differ from liquids and gases by the characteristic of rigidity.
- The molecules of solids are tightly packed because of strong intermolecular forces; they only oscillate about their mean positions.
Liquid State:
- The molecules in a liquid are closely packed due to weak intermolecular forces.
- These forces are weaker than solids but stronger than that of gases.
- There is much space in between the molecules of liquids which makes their flowing ability easy.
Gaseous State:
- In this state of matter, distances between the molecules are large (intermolecular distance is in the range of 10-7-10-5 cm.
- The intermolecular forces experienced between them are negligible.
- Thus, translatory, rotatory and vibratory motions are observed prominently in gases.