List of top English Questions asked in CUET (PG)

Sutapa Chakraborty
Rudyard Kipling honoured motherhood with these words: "God could not be everywhere and, therefore, he made mothers." This is similar to what Sarada Devi, reffered to as Holy Mother by her disciples, would say quoting her husband, Ramakrishana Paramhansa: "He had the attitude of a mother towards all creations and he has left me behind to demonstrate this motherhood of God." That, she said, was her purpose in life.
A mother's role is multifaceted. She is also her child's first teacher. And Sarada Devi fully imbibed and imparted the philosophy of 'Vigyan Vedanta', demonstrating how all those teachings could be applied to make our own lives blessed.
In her own way, she taught "as many faiths, so many paths", Brahmn, according to her, was in all things and in all creatures. Though the realised souls have imparted different teachings, and they don't say the same thing, however, since there are many paths leading to the same goal, all of their teachings are true. She gave a unique analogy for this. Imagine a tree with birds of different colours and plumage sitting and singing a wide variety of notes in varying octaves. We do not say that any one particular bird's chirp is the chirp, and the rest are not. She would say that founders of all religions are realised souls and they have witnessed diffferent aspects of God on the basis of their own experience, and they are all correct as they have indeed known the truth. They are wrong in generalising it, though. Actually, they are only referring to different forms and aspects of one and the same infinite, divine reality.
Demonstrating harmony of religions in her day-to-day life and a mother's unconditional love for all, Sri Ma would say that the Muslim labourer called Amjad working for her was as much her son as was Sarat, Swami Saradananda, her personal attendant. When Sister Nivedita, Swami Vivekananda's disciple, came to visit her, Ma Sarada embraced and accepted her as her own daughter. She maintained that the infinite divine reality is nirgun formless, in one aspect, and also sagun, with form. Once, when asked by a monk, "Are you really the mother of all? Even the birds, insects and beasts?" She said, "Yes". At her home in Jayrambati, West Bengal, when a monk once hit a cat, the Holy Mother was deeply hurt and said, "Don't beat it. Feed it, so it will not steal food. I live in that cat."
Pray for desirelessness, was her advice. If one can entirely give up all wordly desires, they can get a vision of God right away, she believed. Her final and most profound teaching was that if you want peace of mind, do not find faults with others. Rather, learn to see your own faults. "Learn to accept the whole world as your own. No one is a stranger, my child," she would say.
Amid consistent rise in deaths of pedestrians and cyclists, Punjab has taken the lead among the states and UTs to implement the 'right to walk' by making it mandatory for all road owning agencies, including the NHAI, to provide foot path and cycle tracks in all future expansion of roads and construction of new ones, reports Dipak Dash.
The state government has issued these directions following two court orders after PILs were filed at Punjab and Haryana HC and another in the Supreme Court. As per a communication from Punjab chief secretary Vijay Kumar Janjua to Punjab government's traffic adviser, Navdeep Asija, "in future all expansions of existing roads and construction of new roads, a mandatory provision of cycle tracks and footpaths should be made by all road owning departments and agencies". 
The letter sent last week added that all agencies such as the public works department, local bodies, NHAI and urban development departments have been instructed to prepare an action plan to construct footpaths and cycle tracks with a time frame and budget provision. 
TIMES VIEW: The right to walk is a cool idea. Pedestrian walkways and cycle tracks must be built everywhere. However, we must also audit the existing tracks and examine their lacunae. For instance, such tracks are regularly invaded by motorbikes. That apart, pedestrian-only tracks often have huge gaps, which makes walking a dangerous exercise. In other words, the right to walk must be converted into a proper mission with every angle taken care of to make it a success.
It depends on who is giving the rating: Centre on India's rank in press freedom index
KRISHNADAS RAJAGOPAL, NEW DELHI
Solicitor-General Tushar Mehta, appearing for the government in the Supreme Court on Tuesday, made light of India's fall to 161st position in press freedom ranking, saying "that depends on who is giving the rating. I can have my own forum and give India the first rating".
The remake was in response to the Supreme Court's observation that India has fallen to the 161st position out of 180 countries in the World Press Freedom Index published by the non-profit organization, reporters Without Borders. In 2022, India was ranked at 150.
India is ranked behind countries such as Afghanistan, Pakistan and Somalia. "India is 161 in ranking in journalistic freedom," Justice K.M. Joseph, addressed the Union and Gujarat government, represented by Mr. Mehta during a hearing in the Billkis Bano case.
HEARING ON JULY 10
Change between Justice Joseph and Mr. Meht came while the Supreme Court ordered the publication of a notice giving the details of the case and the next date of court hearing, July 10, in two vernacular papers in Gujarat to alert those unserved among the 11 convicts who were released prematurely from their life imprisonment. They had been found guilty of the gang rape of Ms. Bano and the murder of her family members. Ms. Banop and other writ petitioners have separately challenged their remission. 
The hearing, at one point, saw the Supreme Court wonder whether some of the released convicts were making a "mockery" of or even "playing" with the court by either going incognito to hamper the serving of notice of the case on them or seeking time to file counter affidavits. Previous hearings have been a no go with lawyers for the men seeking adjournment on procedural grounds. 
The court decided to publish the notice in the newspapers so that the convicts would not take the plea of ignorance and the case could go ahead and be heard on merits.
The SC said, "Postings within the state cadre as well as joint cadre of a constituent state shall be made by the government of that state', that is, by the duly elected government. In our case, it shall be the government of NCTD. We, accordingly, hold that references to 'state government in relevant rules of All India Services or joint cadre services, of which NCTD is a part or which are in relation to NCTD, shall mean the government of NCTD."
CJI Chandrachud said this case dealt with the asymmetric federal model of governance in India involving the contest of power between a Union Territory and the Union government. The issue was who would have control over 'services in NCTD a government of the NCTD or the LG acting on behalf of the Union government a question which arose subsequent to a May 21, 2015, notification by the Union ministry of home affairs that gave the upper hand to the centre on 'services' in relation to the government of NCTD.
While ruling that Delhi government had legislative and executive power over services except on land, police and public order, the bench, importantly, said GNCTD being one of its kind (sui generis") Union Territory, parliament would have overriding legislative power over all subjects in list 2 (which are exclusive domains of state legislatures) and Last 3 (Concurrent List subjects on which both parliament and assemblies can legislate with primacy given to parliament enacted laws). This means, if the Delhi assembly enacts any law on any subject, parliament can pass a law "adding, amending and repealing" the legislation passed by the Delhi assembly.
Dwelling on federalism and responsibilities of an elected government, the CJI said, "In a democratic form of government, the real power of administration must reside in the elected arm of the state, subject to the confines of the constitution. A constitutionally entrenched and democratically elected government needs to have control over its administration. If a democratically elected government is not provided with the power to control the officers posted within its domain, then the principle underlying the triple chain of collective responsibility would become redundant." It explained the triple chains as civil service officers being accountable to ministers, ministers being accountable to parliament/legislature and parliament/legislature being accountable to the electorate.
"That is to say, if the government is not able to control and hold to account the officers posted in its service, then its responsibility towards the legislature as well as the public is diluted. The principle of collective responsibility extends to the responsibility of officers, who in turn report to the ministers." the SC said.
Taking into account the AAP government's allegation that bureaucrats were not listening to ministers in the elected government because of the centre's interference, the five- judge bench said, "If the officers stop reporting to the ministers or do not abide by their directions, the entire principle of collective responsibility is affected.
"A democratically elected government can perform only when there is an awareness on the the part of officers of the consequences which may ensue if they do not perform. If the officers feel that they are insulated from the control of the elected government which they are serving, then they become unaccountable or may not show commitment towards their performance."
Explaining the risks of an unaccountable bureaucracy in a democratic form of governance where accountability is well defined under the triple chain of command, the bench said, "An unaccountable and non-responsive civil service may pose a serious problem of governance in a democracy. It creates a possibility that the permanent executive, consisting of unelected civil service officers, who play a decisive role in implementation of government policy, may act in ways that disregard the will of the electorate."