Question:
Write short notes on any two of the following:
( Central dogma of molecular biology
( Parasitism
( Apomixis
Write short notes on any two of the following:
( Central dogma of molecular biology
( Parasitism
( Apomixis
( Parasitism
( Apomixis
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Apomixis allows plants to reproduce without pollination, ensuring the preservation of desirable traits in offspring.
Updated On: Sep 3, 2025
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Solution and Explanation
Step 1: Central Dogma of Molecular Biology.
The central dogma of molecular biology describes the flow of genetic information in cells. It states that DNA is transcribed into RNA, which is then translated into protein. This process is essential for cellular function and gene expression. - DNA → RNA → Protein Example: In the process of gene expression, the DNA sequence is transcribed into messenger RNA (mRNA), which then directs protein synthesis in the ribosome.
Step 2: Parasitism.
Parasitism is a type of symbiotic relationship where one organism, the parasite, benefits at the expense of the host. The parasite depends on the host for food, shelter, or reproduction, often harming the host in the process. - Example: Plasmodium (malaria parasite) infects humans and is transmitted through mosquito bites, causing the disease malaria.
Step 3: Apomixis.
Apomixis is a form of asexual reproduction in plants where seeds are produced without fertilization. In this process, the offspring are genetically identical to the parent plant. - Example: Dandelions reproduce through apomixis, producing seeds that do not require fertilization by pollen.
Final Answer: \[ \boxed{\text{((A) Central dogma: DNA → RNA → Protein, ((B) Parasitism: Symbiotic relationship where the parasite benefits at the host's expense, ((C) Apomixis: Asexual reproduction in plants producing seeds without fertilization.}} \]
The central dogma of molecular biology describes the flow of genetic information in cells. It states that DNA is transcribed into RNA, which is then translated into protein. This process is essential for cellular function and gene expression. - DNA → RNA → Protein Example: In the process of gene expression, the DNA sequence is transcribed into messenger RNA (mRNA), which then directs protein synthesis in the ribosome.
Step 2: Parasitism.
Parasitism is a type of symbiotic relationship where one organism, the parasite, benefits at the expense of the host. The parasite depends on the host for food, shelter, or reproduction, often harming the host in the process. - Example: Plasmodium (malaria parasite) infects humans and is transmitted through mosquito bites, causing the disease malaria.
Step 3: Apomixis.
Apomixis is a form of asexual reproduction in plants where seeds are produced without fertilization. In this process, the offspring are genetically identical to the parent plant. - Example: Dandelions reproduce through apomixis, producing seeds that do not require fertilization by pollen.
Final Answer: \[ \boxed{\text{((A) Central dogma: DNA → RNA → Protein, ((B) Parasitism: Symbiotic relationship where the parasite benefits at the host's expense, ((C) Apomixis: Asexual reproduction in plants producing seeds without fertilization.}} \]
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