Question

Write notes on any two:

(a) Care of Baby

(b) Problems of a Nuclear Family

(c) General Problems of Vision

Hint:

Regular eye exams can help detect vision problems early and prevent further complications.

Answer 1

(a) Care of Baby
Caring for a baby involves several important aspects, ensuring the baby’s health, safety, and proper development. Key points in baby care include:

Nutrition: Newborns should be exclusively breastfed for the first six months, as breast milk provides essential nutrients and strengthens immunity. If breastfeeding is not possible, infant formula can be used.
Hygiene: Regular bathing, cleaning of the umbilical cord stump (until it falls off), and ensuring the baby’s clothing and diapers are clean and dry are essential for hygiene.
Sleep: Babies need 16-18 hours of sleep a day, in short cycles. It is important to create a safe sleep environment, placing the baby on their back to sleep to reduce the risk of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS).
Healthcare: Regular check-ups with a pediatrician for vaccinations, growth monitoring, and early detection of any health issues are important for the baby’s well-being.
Bonding and Interaction: Responding to the baby’s cries, speaking to them, and providing physical affection promote emotional development and bonding.

b)
Problems of a Nuclear Family
A nuclear family, consisting of parents and their children, faces several unique challenges:

Limited Support System: In a nuclear family, parents may not have the extended family support (e.g., grandparents, aunts, uncles) that is often available in joint families. This can create stress, particularly in the case of child-rearing or during difficult times.
Work-Life Balance: With both parents working in most nuclear families, it can be difficult to balance work commitments with family responsibilities. This can lead to time constraints, affecting family time and causing stress.
Financial Stress: Since the income typically comes from only two sources (both parents), there may be financial pressures to support the family’s needs, especially in expensive cities or during uncertain economic times.
Lack of Emotional Support: Parents in nuclear families may feel isolated, as they do not have close relatives nearby to provide emotional support during parenting or in times of personal difficulty.

Conclusion: While nuclear families offer independence, they also face challenges related to limited support systems, work-life balance, and financial pressures. These challenges can be mitigated with good time management, emotional support, and effective communication within the family.
c)
General Problems of Vision
General vision problems can affect individuals at any age and include:

Refractive Errors: These are the most common vision problems, including nearsightedness (myopia), farsightedness (hyperopia), and astigmatism, which occur when the shape of the eye prevents light from focusing correctly on the retina.
Cataracts: Cataracts are a clouding of the eye’s lens, often occurring with age, which can lead to blurred vision and, if untreated, blindness.
Glaucoma: This is a group of eye diseases that damage the optic nerve, often due to increased pressure within the eye, leading to vision loss if not treated.
Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD): AMD is a progressive disease that affects the central vision and is common in older adults, leading to difficulty seeing fine details.
Diabetic Retinopathy: Diabetic retinopathy occurs when high blood sugar damages the blood vessels in the retina, leading to vision problems and blindness if not managed properly.

Conclusion: Vision problems can range from common refractive errors to serious conditions like cataracts or glaucoma. Regular eye check-ups are important for early detection and management of these conditions.