Question

Write any two causes of the declaration of National Emergency in 1975.

Hint:

When analyzing the 1975 Emergency, distinguish between the long-term context (economic crisis, political protests) and the immediate trigger (the Allahabad High Court judgment). Both were crucial.

Answer 1

Step 1: Understanding the Concept:
The National Emergency, declared on 25 June 1975 by the government of Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, was a turning point in Indian politics. The government cited 'internal disturbances' as the reason, but the declaration was rooted in a combination of political, social, and judicial factors.
Step 2: Detailed Explanation (Two Causes):
Two major causes that led to the declaration of the National Emergency were:
1. The JP Movement and Political Instability: During 1974-75, there were widespread student-led protests against the Congress government, particularly in Gujarat and Bihar, concerning issues like corruption, inflation, and unemployment. These movements were led by veteran leader Jayaprakash (JP) Narayan, who called for 'Total Revolution' and urged the army and police to disregard 'illegal and immoral orders' of the government. This created a situation of intense political confrontation and was perceived by the government as a threat to national stability.
2. The Allahabad High Court Verdict: On 12 June 1975, the Allahabad High Court passed a judgment that declared Prime Minister Indira Gandhi's 1971 Lok Sabha election invalid on grounds of electoral malpractice. This verdict meant she could no longer serve as a Member of Parliament and would have to resign as Prime Minister. This judicial decision posed a direct threat to her political power and is considered the immediate trigger for the imposition of the Emergency.
Step 3: Final Answer:
Two key causes for the declaration of the 1975 Emergency were the nationwide political protests led by JP Narayan demanding the government's resignation, and the adverse Allahabad High Court verdict which invalidated Indira Gandhi's election as an MP.