Question

Which one of the following statements about the hydrological cycle is CORRECT?

• A. Groundwater represents the largest share of fresh water on Earth
• B. ‘Precipitation rate greater than infiltration rate’ is a necessary condition to generate surface runoff
• C. All precipitation falling on the land finally ends up as groundwater
• D. Groundwater flows in curved and concave-upward path

Answer 1

The Correct Option is D

The question revolves around understanding the hydrological cycle and the behavior of groundwater. Let's evaluate each option to determine the correct statement.

1. Groundwater represents the largest share of fresh water on Earth: This statement is incorrect. The largest share of fresh water is found in glaciers and ice caps, not groundwater. Groundwater does constitute a significant portion, but it is not the largest.
2. ‘Precipitation rate greater than infiltration rate’ is a necessary condition to generate surface runoff: This statement is true in a general sense as surface runoff occurs when precipitation surpasses the infiltration capacity of the soil. However, other factors like soil saturation and topography also play a role. Thus, it may not be universally necessary in all contexts.
3. All precipitation falling on the land finally ends up as groundwater: This is incorrect because precipitation can also directly lead to surface runoff, evaporation, or may be absorbed by vegetation. Not all precipitation infiltrates to become groundwater.
4. Groundwater flows in curved and concave-upward path: This statement is correct. Groundwater generally moves through subsurface aquifers along paths defined by hydrostatic pressure and the porosity and permeability of the rocks. The concave-upward flow path is typical due to the influence of gravity and pressure gradients.

Based on this analysis, the correct statement regarding the hydrological cycle is: Groundwater flows in curved and concave-upward path.

Understanding the behavior of groundwater is crucial in geology as it impacts water resource management, ecological services, and civil engineering projects related to groundwater extraction and land stability.

In conclusion, option D is the correct answer.