Question

Which one of the following concepts of human geography believes in the supremacy of nature ?

• A. Possibilism
• B. Positivism
• C. Environmental determination
• D. Neo-determinism

Hint:

To easily differentiate these concepts, remember their core ideas:

\textbf{Determinism:} Nature controls humans.
\textbf{Possibilism:} Humans have choices within nature's limits.
\textbf{Neo-determinism:} A compromise - neither absolute control nor absolute freedom.

Answer 1

The Correct Option is C

Step 1: Understanding the Concept:
The question asks to identify the school of thought in human geography that posits nature as the dominant force in shaping human societies and activities. This is a fundamental concept in the study of human-environment interaction.
Step 2: Detailed Explanation:
Let's analyze the given options:


Possibilism: This concept argues that the environment sets certain constraints or limitations, but the culture and decisions of human beings are the primary determinants of societal development. It emphasizes human agency.

Positivism: This is a philosophical approach that emphasizes empirical, observable, and scientifically verifiable data. In geography, it focuses on creating general laws and theories, rather than the specific relationship of nature's supremacy.

Environmental determination (or Environmental Determinism): This doctrine holds that the physical environment, particularly factors like climate and terrain, is the primary force shaping human culture, behavior, and societal development. It directly implies the supremacy of nature over human actions.

Neo-determinism (or Stop-and-Go Determinism): Proposed by Griffith Taylor, this is a middle path. It suggests that humans can choose from possibilities offered by the environment, but their choices have consequences. Nature is not seen as supreme, but its limits must be respected.

Based on the definitions, Environmental determination is the concept that explicitly believes in the supremacy of nature.
Step 3: Final Answer:
Therefore, the correct concept that believes in the supremacy of nature is Environmental determination.