Question

Which of the following is NOT typically a component of a Land Information System (LIS)?

• A. Spatial databases
• B. Geographic information systems (GIS)
• C. Remote sensing techniques
• D. Economic forecasting models

Hint:

(ä) \textbf{Land Information System (LIS):} A system for managing and analyzing geographically referenced land-related data.
(å) \textbf{Core Components / Related Technologies:}
(æ) \textbf{Spatial Databases:} Store geographic land data.
(ç) \textbf{GIS Software and Tools:} For analysis and visualization. (LIS is often a type of GIS).
(è) \textbf{Data Acquisition Methods:} Including remote sensing, GPS, land surveying.
(é) Hardware, Software, People, Methods.
(ê) Economic forecasting models are analytical tools for economics, not inherent components of an LIS data management system, though they might use LIS data.

Answer 1

The Correct Option is D

A Land Information System (LIS) is a system for acquiring, managing, analyzing, and displaying geographically referenced information about land, including its physical characteristics, ownership, value, and use. LIS is often considered a specialized type of Geographic Information System (GIS) focused on land parcel data. Typical components or related technologies of an LIS include:
(à) (a) Spatial databases: These are databases designed to store and manage geographic data (data with location attributes). An LIS relies heavily on spatial databases to store information about land parcels (e.g., boundaries, ownership, land use, zoning, property values). This is a core component.
(á) (b) Geographic Information Systems (GIS): GIS is a broader system of hardware, software, data, people, and methods for capturing, storing, managing, analyzing, and visualizing all forms of geographically referenced information. An LIS is essentially a GIS applied specifically to land-related data. GIS software and tools are fundamental to LIS functionality. This is a core component/enabling technology.
(â) (c) Remote sensing techniques: Remote sensing (using satellite imagery, aerial photography, LiDAR, etc.) is a key data acquisition method for LIS. It provides up-to-date information on land cover, land use, topography, and changes over time, which feeds into the LIS database. This is a common data input source.
(ã) (d) Economic forecasting models: These are models used to predict future economic trends (e.g., GDP growth, employment changes, market demand). While economic factors influence land use and property values (which might be data in an LIS), and LIS data might be used as input for some economic models, economic forecasting models themselves are not typically considered a core \textit{component} of an LIS in the same way as spatial databases, GIS software, or remote sensing data acquisition techniques. LIS manages land data; economic models analyze economic trends. Therefore, Economic forecasting models are NOT typically considered a direct component of a Land Information System itself, although LIS data might be used by such models. \[ \boxed{\text{Economic forecasting models}} \]