Question

Which of the following are the key elements of the modern approaches to development administration derived from the works of Reger, Korten, Klaus, etal:
(A). Self reliance and independence
(B). Focus on secrecy and non-involvement of the State
(C). People's participation and empowerment efforts of individuals, groups and communities
(D). Capitalization and foreign dependence
(E). Emphasizes the local resource mobilization and use
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

• A. (A), (B) and (C) only.
• B. (B), (C) and (D) only.
• C. (A), (C) and (E) only.
• D. (A), (D) and (E) only.

Hint:

When thinking about 'modern' vs. 'traditional' development administration, associate 'modern' with keywords like \textbf{participation, empowerment, sustainability, self-reliance, and bottom-up}. Associate 'traditional' with \textbf{top-down, state-centric, bureaucracy, and foreign aid dependency}.

Answer 1

The Correct Option is C

Step 1: Understanding Modern Approaches to Development Administration:
Modern approaches to development administration, particularly since the 1970s and 80s, have shifted away from top-down, state-centric models towards more people-centric, participatory, and sustainable paradigms. Thinkers like David Korten have been influential in promoting these alternative development strategies.

Step 2: Evaluating Each Element:


(A) Self reliance and independence: This is a core tenet of modern development thinking. It emphasizes building local capacity and reducing dependency on external aid, aligning with bottom-up development. This is a key element.
(B) Focus on secrecy and non-involvement of the State: This is the opposite of modern approaches. Modern development administration stresses transparency, accountability, and appropriate, facilitative involvement of the state, not secrecy or non-involvement.
(C) People's participation and empowerment: This is arguably the most crucial feature of modern development administration. It prioritizes involving communities in the planning and implementation of development projects to ensure their relevance and sustainability. This is a key element.
(D) Capitalization and foreign dependence: This describes the older, modernization-theory approach to development, which modern paradigms critique. Modern approaches aim to reduce, not increase, foreign dependence.
(E) Emphasizes the local resource mobilization and use: This is directly linked to self-reliance. Modern approaches advocate for identifying and utilizing local resources (both human and material) as the primary engine for development. This is a key element.

Step 3: Identifying the Correct Combination:
The key elements of modern approaches are (A), (C), and (E).

Step 4: Final Answer:
The correct option that includes these three elements is (C).