Question

Which of the following architectural elements is NOT typically found in a South Indian temple complex?

• A. Gopuram
• B. Vimana
• C. Mandapa
• D. Shikhara (in the sense of North Indian Nagara style Shikhara)

Answer 1

The Correct Option is D

Analysis of South and North Indian Temple Architecture: 

South Indian temple architecture (Dravidian style) and North Indian temple architecture (Nagara style) have distinct characteristics, particularly in their temple structures and towers. Let’s analyze the key elements typically found in a South Indian temple complex:

• Option (a): Gopuram (Gopura)

The Gopuram is a monumental, ornately sculpted gateway tower located at the entrances to the temple enclosure. It is a highly prominent feature in South Indian temples, often elaborately decorated and marking the entry into the temple complex. This is a key feature of Dravidian architecture.

• Option (b): Vimana

The Vimana is the tower or superstructure built over the garbhagriha (sanctum sanctorum), which houses the main deity. In South Indian temples, the Vimana is typically pyramidal or stepped in form, and it is generally smaller in height than the Gopuram but still an essential architectural element. This is another defining feature of Dravidian style temples.

• Option (c): Mandapa (Mantapa)

Mandapas are pillared halls or pavilions within the temple complex used for various functions such as assembly, rituals, or as passageways leading to the sanctum. Multiple Mandapas are found within South Indian temple complexes, often serving different purposes, and they are integral to Dravidian architecture.

• Option (d): Shikhara

The term "Shikhara" in North Indian architecture refers to the main curvilinear or beehive-shaped tower that is built over the garbhagriha. It is the most prominent feature of a North Indian temple (Nagara style). However, in South Indian temples (Dravidian style), the main tower over the sanctum is called the Vimana, not the Shikhara. In South Indian temples, "Shikhara" typically refers to the smaller finial or capstone on top of the Vimana (often called a stupika or kalasha), not the main tower itself.

Therefore, interpreting the term "Shikhara" as the main curvilinear tower (as it is used in North Indian architecture), it is not found in South Indian temples. The Vimana serves the same purpose as the Shikhara in North Indian temples but in a different architectural form.

Conclusion:

The element that is not typically found in South Indian temples, based on the comparison of Dravidian and Nagara styles, is the "Shikhara", as it refers to the curvilinear tower typical of North Indian temples, not the pyramidal Vimana of South Indian temples.

Answer:

Shikhara