What is the role of large bundle sheath cells found around the vascular bundles in \(C_4\) plants?
- To provide the site of photorespiratory pathway
- To increase the number of chloroplast for the operation of Calvin cycle
- To enable the plant to tolerate high temperature
- To protect the vascular tissue from high light intensity
The Correct Option is B
Solution and Explanation
Role of Large Bundle Sheath Cells in \(C_4\) Plants:
The large bundle sheath cells found around the vascular bundles in \(C_4\) plants have an essential role in the photosynthesis process. These cells are integral in the Calvin cycle, a series of biochemical redox reactions that convert carbon dioxide and other compounds into glucose.
1. Location: The bundle sheath cells encase the vascular bundles, forming a protective layer around them. This spatial arrangement is critical for the compartmentalization of the photosynthetic processes.
2. Number of Chloroplasts: One of the primary functions of these cells is to house a large number of chloroplasts. The abundance of chloroplasts is crucial because it provides a significant surface area for the Calvin cycle reactions, enhancing the plant's ability to fix carbon efficiently.
3. Biochemical Role: In \(C_4\) plants, carbon fixation is divided into two structurally distinct cell types — mesophyll cells and bundle sheath cells. Initially, carbon dioxide is fixed in the mesophyll cells and converted into a four-carbon compound (malate), which is then transported into bundle sheath cells. Here, carbon dioxide is released for the Calvin cycle.
4. Adaptation: This anatomical and biochemical adaptation allows \(C_4\) plants to photosynthesize more efficiently in high-temperature and low-carbon dioxide environments. The arrangement minimizes photorespiration, a wasteful pathway that competes with photosynthesis, especially under such conditions.
5. Conclusion: Therefore, the correct answer to the question regarding the role of the bundle sheath cells in \(C_4\) plants is: To increase the number of chloroplast for the operation of Calvin cycle.
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Concepts Used:
Photosynthesis in Higher Plants
Processes Of Photosynthesis in Higher Plants:
Photosynthesis in higher plants involves the following processes:
- Light Reaction
- Dark Reaction
Light Reaction:
- This phenomenon occurs in the presence of light.
- The pigment absorbs light and produces energy in the form of ATP.
- The process involves- absorption of light, water splitting, the release of oxygen, and formation of ATP and NADPH.
Dark Reaction:
This process occurs in the absence of light in the stroma of the chloroplasts. The following cycles are involved in the process:
- Calvin Cycle (C3 Cycle)
- C4 Cycle (Hatch and Slack Pathway)