Question

What is the difference between Roasting and Calcination? Give one example of each.

Hint:

Roasting = Sulphide ores + excess air. Calcination = Carbonate ores + limited air.

Answer 1

Concept:

Strike and Lockout are important concepts in Industrial Relations. Both arise during industrial disputes between employees and employers. They are defined under the Industrial Disputes Act, 1947. While both result in stoppage of work, the main difference lies in who initiates the action.

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Difference between Strike and Lockout:

Basis	Strike	Lockout
Definition	Collective stoppage of work by employees	Temporary closing of workplace by employer
Initiated by	Workers or Trade Union	Employer or Management
Purpose	To pressurize employer to accept demands	To pressurize workers to accept terms
Nature	Refusal to work	Refusal to provide work
Control	In hands of employees	In hands of employer

 

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Legal Meaning of Strike:

\[ \text{Strike} = \text{Cessation of work by a body of employed persons acting together} \]

Legal Meaning of Lockout:

\[ \text{Lockout} = \text{Temporary closing or suspension of work by employer} \]

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Example of Strike:

If factory workers stop working to demand higher wages or better working conditions, it is called:

\[ \text{Strike} \Rightarrow \text{Employees stop working} \]

Example of Lockout:

If the factory owner closes the factory during a dispute to force workers to accept certain conditions, it is called:

\[ \text{Lockout} \Rightarrow \text{Employer stops employees from working} \]

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Conclusion:

Strike and Lockout are opposite industrial weapons used during disputes. Strike is initiated by employees, whereas Lockout is initiated by the employer. Both affect production and industrial peace.