What is meant by emasculation? When and why does a plant breeder employ this technique?
Solution and Explanation
Emasculation is the process of removing anthers from bisexual flowers without affecting the female reproductive part (pistil) which is used in various plant hybridization techniques.
Emasculation is performed by plant breeders in bisexual flowers to obtain the desired variety of a plant by crossing a particular plant with the desired pollen grains. To remove the anthers the flowers are covered with a bag before they open. This ensures that flower is pollinated by pollen grains obtained from desirable varieties only. Later the mature viable and stored pollen grains are dusted on the bagged stigma by breeders to allow artificial pollination to take place and obtain the desired plant variety.
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Notes on sexual reproduction in flowering plants
Concepts Used:
Pre-fertilization events - Monoecious Plant
Fertilization in plants may be a process during which they undergo amphimixis in consequence of pollination and germination. During a physicochemical process, the male gametes (known as pollen) infusion with the feminine gametes (known as ovum) forms diploid zygote after carpal pollinates. The whole process happens in a zygote which later germinates into a seed. During the method, what happens is male gametes are transferred into female reproductive organs through pollinators (butterflies, birds, honey bees, bats, and flower beetles). This leads to an embryo being formed during a seed. Flowers are the reproductive organs of angiosperms and reproduce in a completely different method.
Read More: Flower Structure
The two important pre-fertilization procedures are gametogenesis and gamete transfer. The female and male reproductive forms in flowers are the androecium and the gynoecium which distinguishes and goes through development.
"Mono" means single so a monoecious plant is one that bears both male and female sex organs on same plant. The monoecious plant can produce bisexual flowers or unisexual flowers. A dioecious plant is one that bears both male and female sex organs on different plants.
Read Further: Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants