Question

What is endosperm? Describe the process of its development and functions.

Hint:

Endosperm development occurs through double fertilization, and its primary function is to nourish the developing embryo.

Answer 1

The endosperm is a tissue found in the seeds of angiosperms (flowering plants). It is formed during fertilization and serves as a food reserve for the developing embryo. The endosperm is triploid (having three sets of chromosomes) in most species, resulting from the fusion of two polar nuclei with a sperm cell during the process of double fertilization.
Process of Development:
Endosperm development occurs following fertilization. After the sperm cell fuses with the egg cell to form the zygote, another sperm cell fuses with the two polar nuclei to form the triploid endosperm. This endosperm then starts dividing and growing to form a mass of tissue, which provides nourishment to the developing embryo within the seed. Depending on the species, the endosperm may develop in different ways:
- In monocots, the endosperm persists in the mature seed.
- In dicots, the endosperm is often absorbed by the embryo during seed development.
Functions:
1. The endosperm provides essential nutrients (such as starches, proteins, and fats) to the developing embryo, supporting early growth after seed germination.
2. It acts as a storage organ in many seeds, ensuring that the seedling has enough energy for initial growth before it can photosynthesize.
3. In some plants, the endosperm plays a role in protecting the seed from environmental stresses.
Final Answer: Endosperm is a crucial tissue in seed development, providing nourishment for the embryo and helping in early seedling growth.