Question

What do you mean by Pioneer species?

Hint:

Examples: Lichens on volcanic lava; they facilitate succession by nitrogen fixation and habitat creation.

Answer 1

Pioneer species, such as lichens, mosses, or hardy grasses, tolerate extreme conditions, alter the environment (e.g., by weathering rock, adding organic matter, improving soil), and pave the way for later successional species. They have high dispersal, rapid reproduction, and stress tolerance.