Question

What do you mean by equality of opportunities?

Hint:

Distinguish between 'equality of opportunity' and 'equality of outcomes'. Equality of opportunity ensures everyone starts the race from the same line, while equality of outcomes would aim for everyone to finish the race at the same time, which is a different and more radical concept.

Answer 1

Step 1: Key Concept:
Equality of opportunity is a principle of justice that advocates for a level playing field where all individuals have a fair and equal chance to pursue their goals and achieve success, irrespective of their background, social status, religion, gender, or caste. It focuses on removing arbitrary barriers to personal advancement.
Step 2: Detailed Explanation:
The concept of equality of opportunity implies:
1. Removal of Barriers: It requires the state and society to eliminate all forms of discrimination that prevent individuals from accessing education, employment, and other opportunities.
2. Fair Competition: It means that success should be based on an individual's talent, merit, and effort, not on their birth or social circumstances.
3. Proactive State Action: Achieving true equality of opportunity may require the state to take proactive measures, such as affirmative action or reservation policies, to help historically disadvantaged groups overcome their social and economic handicaps and compete on an equal footing.
In the Indian Constitution:
The principle is explicitly enshrined in Article 16, which guarantees "equality of opportunity for all citizens in matters relating to employment or appointment to any office under the State." It prohibits discrimination in public employment on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex, descent, place of birth, or residence.