Question

What are the complications of GDM?

Hint:

Proper management of GDM is crucial to minimize risks such as macrosomia, preeclampsia, and long-term diabetes in both the mother and child.

Answer 1

Step 1: Complications of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM).
GDM can lead to both maternal and fetal complications if not properly managed. The complications include:
(1) Maternal Complications:
- Preeclampsia: Women with GDM are at an increased risk of developing preeclampsia, a condition characterized by high blood pressure and organ damage.
- Infections: Increased glucose levels can predispose women to urinary tract infections (UTIs) and other infections.
- Increased Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: Women who had GDM are at a higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes later in life.
(2) Fetal Complications:
- Macrosomia: Elevated maternal blood glucose levels lead to excessive fetal growth, increasing the risk of shoulder dystocia and cesarean delivery.
- Neonatal Hypoglycemia: After delivery, the baby may experience low blood sugar due to high insulin levels in the blood at birth.
- Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS): High blood sugar can interfere with the production of surfactant in the baby’s lungs, leading to RDS.
- Congenital Malformations: Poorly controlled blood sugar in early pregnancy increases the risk of birth defects, particularly in the cardiovascular system and central nervous system.
- Stillbirth: There is an increased risk of stillbirth in women with poorly controlled GDM.