Transformation was discovered by
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Transformation is the transfer of genetic material in the form of naked DNA through the cell membrane between microbial cells, which leads to genetic alteration.
- Meselson and Stahl
- Hershey and Chase
- Griffith
- Watson and Crick.
The Correct Option is C
Approach Solution - 1
Transformation was studied by S.F. Griffith in 1928.
- While studying Streptococcus Pneumonia, he found that R-Type non-virulent bacteria pick up virulence from heat-killed virulent S-type bacteria to transform into virulent forms.
- This experiment indicated the presence of a 'transforming principle' which was later found to be DNA.
Option C) Griffith is the correct answer.
Approach Solution -2
Transformation is the transfer of genetic material in the form of naked DNA through the cell membrane between microbial cells, which leads to genetic alteration.
- It is the insertion of new genetic material into bacterial cells.
- This process can take place in bacterial, yeast, or plant cells through chemical transformation, electroporation, or particle bombardment.
- Transformation was first discovered by Frederick Griffith.
- This discovery led to the conclusion that DNA is the transforming principle and transformation is an inheritable process.
- Some species of bacteria are capable of performing the natural transformation, releasing DNA into the environment during harsh environmental changes, which is further taken up by competent cells.
Approach Solution -3
Transformation is a process in which a cell undergoes a genetic change when it absorbs and incorporates external genetic material through its cell membrane.
Frederick Griffith discovered transformation in 1928.
Approach Solution -4
Transformation was discovered by Frederick Griffith in 1928. He was a British bacteriologist who was studying the bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae, which causes pneumonia.
- In his experiments, Griffith observed that a strain of the bacterium that was virulent (able to cause disease) could transfer its virulence to a non-virulent strain through a process he called "transformation".
- He found that a substance produced by the virulent strain could be taken up by the non-virulent strain, causing it to become virulent itself.
- This discovery marked a turning point in the understanding of genetics and the nature of bacteria.
- It showed that genetic information could be transferred between organisms, and paved the way for the discovery of DNA as the genetic material.
- Griffith's work was later expanded upon by Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod, and Maclyn McCarty, who showed that DNA was responsible for the transfer of virulence in bacteria.
- This work was crucial in establishing the role of DNA in genetics and provided the foundation for modern molecular biology.
Approach Solution -5
The Correct Option is C. Frederick Griffith, a British medical officer, discovered transformation in 1928 while studying the microorganism Streptococcus pneumoniae.
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Concepts Used:
The Molecular Basis of Inheritance
DNA Replication:
DNA synthesis is commenced at particular points within the DNA strand referred to as ‘origins’, which are certain coding regions. There are numerous origin sites, and when replication of DNA starts, these sites are mentioned as replication forks. Within the replication, the complex is the enzyme DNA Helicase, so that they can be utilized as a template for replication. DNA Primase is another enzyme that's essential in DNA replication.
RNA:
Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is an essential biological macromolecule that exists all together in biological cells. It is principally involved in the synthesis of proteins, that carry the messenger instructions from DNA, which itself contains the genetic instructions needed for the event and maintenance of life. In some viruses, RNA, in spite of DNA, carries genetic information.
Genetic Code:
Genetic code is the term we use in the manner that the four bases of DNA--the A, C, G, and Ts--are strung together in a way that the ribosome, the cellular machinery, can read them and switch them into a protein. In the ordering, every three nucleotides during a row count as a triplet and code for one amino alkanoic acid.
Read More: Molecular Basis of Inheritance