Question

The author believes that the new ruling class of politicians betrayed the principles of the French Revolution, but does not specify in what way. In the context of the passage, which statement below is the likeliest explanation of that betrayal?

• A. The new ruling class was constituted mainly of anarchists who were against the destructive impact of the Revolution on the market.
• B. The anarchists did not want a new ruling class, but were not politically strong enough to stop them.
• C. The new ruling class struck a deal with the old ruling class to share power between them.
• D. The new ruling class rode to power on the strength of the workers’ revolutionary anger, but then turned to oppress that very class.
• A. Both reject the regulatory power of the state; but the former favour a people’s state, while the latter favour state intervention in markets.
• B. Both prioritise individual autonomy; but the former also emphasise mutual dependence, while the latter do not do so.
• C. Both are sophisticated arguments for capitalism; but the former argue for a morally upright capitalism, while the latter argue that the market is the only morality.
• D. Both are founded on the moral principles of altruism; but the latter conceive of the market as a force too mystical for the former to comprehend.
• A. The failure of the French Revolution was because of its betrayal by the new class of politicians who emerged from it.
• B. The popular perception of anarchism as espousing lawlessness and violence comes from a mainstream mistrust of collectivism.
• C. Individualist anarchism is actually constituted of many streams, all of which focus on the autonomy of the individual.
• D. For anarchists, the state is the enemy because all states apply violence and terror to maintain their control.
• A. There is no idea common to all forms of anarchism; that is why it is anarchic.
• B. They all derive from the work of Pierre-Joseph Proudhon.
• C. They are all opposed to the centralisation of power in the state.
• D. They all focus on the primacy of the power of the individual.
• A. Revolution, State, Strike, Egoism.
• B. Revolution, State, Protection, Liberals.
• C. Anarchism, State, Individual, Freedom.
• D. Anarchism, Betrayal, Power, State.
• A. 1432
• B. 1234
• C. 1423
• D. 3241
• A. Talk was the most common way for enslaved men and women to subvert the rules of their bondage, to gain more agency than they were supposed to have.
• B. Even in conditions of extreme violence and unfreedom, their words remained ubiquitous, ephemeral, irrepressible, and potentially transgressive.
• C. Slaves came from societies in which oaths, orations, and invocations carried great potency, both between people and as a connection to the all-powerful spirit world.
• D. Freedom of speech and the power to silence may have been preeminent markers of white liberty in Colonies, but at the same time, slavery depended on dialogue: slaves could never be completely muted.
• ]. Slave-owners obsessed over slave talk, though they could never control it, yet feared its power to bind and inspire—for, as everyone knew, oaths, whispers, and secret conversations bred conspiracy and revolt.
• A. 3124
• B. 4321
• C. 1234
• D. 2314
• A. Europe has consistently changed its internal structure to successfully adapt to the changing world order.
• B. Europe has consistently changed in keeping with the changing world order and that has culminated in a united Europe.
• C. The establishment of a formal political structure in Europe was hastened by the unification of Germany and the emergence of a multipolar world.
• D. Europe has chosen to lower political and economic heterogeneity, in order to adapt itself to an emerging multi-polar world.
• A. Although voice recognition is often presented as evidence in legal cases, its scientific basis can be shaky.
• B. Movies and televisions have led to the belief that the use of forensic phonetics in legal investigations is robust and fool proof.
• C. Voice recognition as used in many movies to identify criminals has been used to identify criminals in real life also.
• D. Voice recognition has started to feature prominently in crime-scene intelligence investigations because of movies and television series.
• A. Biologists have questioned the long-standing view that ‘intelligence’ is a single entity and the attempts to estimate its heritability.
• B. Biologists have started questioning psychologists' view of 'intelligence' as a measurable immutable characteristic of an individual.
• C. Biologists have questioned the view that ‘intelligence’ is a single entity and the ways in which what is inherited.
• D. Biologists have criticised that conventional wisdom that individuals are born with more or less intelligence potential.
• A. For feminists, the question of how we read is inextricably linked with the question of what we read.
• B. Elaine Showalter’s critique of the literary curriculum is exemplary of this work.
• C. Androcentric literature structures the reading experience differently depending on the gender of the reader.
• D. The documentation of this realization was one of the earliest tasks undertaken by feminist critics.
• r. More specifically, the feminist inquiry into the activity of reading begins with the realization that the literary canon is androcentric, and that this has a profoundly damaging effect on women readers.
• A. 1234
• B. 4321
• C. 3241
• D. 1324

Answer 1

The Correct Option is D

In the given passage, the author depicts a scenario where the new ruling class, emerging after the French Revolution, betrayed the principles of the Revolution. The author hints at this betrayal through the lens of the anarchists' perspective, who witnessed the rise of a new ruling class that prioritized re-establishing centralized state power. Despite the revolutionary sacrifices of workers and peasants, this new class applied "violence and terror, a secret police, and a professional army" to maintain control, thereby continuing the cycle of exploitation and oppression.
The passage explains that anarchists see the state as an enemy because it protects the powerful's privileges. Therefore, the likeliest explanation of the betrayal is: The new ruling class rode to power on the strength of the workers’ revolutionary anger, but then turned to oppress that very class. This statement aligns with the passage's emphasis on how the new rulers, post-revolution, failed to uphold the revolutionary ideals of liberty and equality for the working class, opting instead for oppressive governance to maintain power.

Answer 2

The similarity between American individualist anarchists and free-market liberals is that both prioritize individual autonomy. However, the key difference lies in their additional emphasis: American individualist anarchists also stress mutual dependence, while free-market liberals do not. To understand this choice, we need to analyze the underlying principles of each ideology as presented in the passage.

The passage explains that individualist anarchists in America, influenced by thinkers like Max Stirner, advocate for personal autonomy and collaboration for mutual benefit. This view supports individual freedom while also valuing cooperation and mutual aid. This approach inherently involves a balance between self-interest and community well-being. 

On the other hand, free-market liberals focus solely on individual autonomy as a guiding principle, often emphasizing that market dynamics naturally lead to beneficial outcomes without the need for additional mutual cooperation. For them, market forces alone guide moral actions without requiring a deliberate focus on mutual dependence.

Given this explanation, the correct answer is: Both prioritise individual autonomy; but the former also emphasise mutual dependence, while the latter do not do so.

Answer 3

The correct answer to the question regarding which statement the author does not make in the passage is:

"The popular perception of anarchism as espousing lawlessness and violence comes from a mainstream mistrust of collectivism."

Explanation: The passage primarily addresses the themes of anarchism and its historical context, the implications of power dynamics, and critiques of state power. Here are the key statements made by the author, corresponding to the options provided:

• The statement
  "The failure of the French Revolution was because of its betrayal by the new class of politicians who emerged from it."
  aligns with the passage where it discusses how new rulers re-established centralized state power, betraying workers and peasants after revolutionary uprisings.
• The statement
  "Individualist anarchism is actually constituted of many streams, all of which focus on the autonomy of the individual."
  is supported by the passage, which refers to different traditions of individualist anarchism that emphasize protecting one's autonomy.
• The statement
  "For anarchists, the state is the enemy because all states apply violence and terror to maintain their control."
  is directly addressed where the text describes the anarchist belief that the state protects the powerful and maintains control through violence and terror.
• In contrast, the statement
  "The popular perception of anarchism as espousing lawlessness and violence comes from a mainstream mistrust of collectivism."
  is not reflected in the passage. While the text discusses various perceptions of anarchism, particularly anarchist-communism, it does not link the perception of anarchism to a mainstream mistrust of collectivism explicitly.

Answer 4

The passage focuses on the different strands of anarchist thought and the common beliefs held by all forms of anarchism. Anarchism historically arose as a response to the exploitation and tyranny experienced by the poor, and a reaction to the centralized power that came after revolutionary uprisings. The core idea that unites all forms of anarchism, according to the passage, is the opposition to centralized state power, which anarchists view as an enemy. This is evident through their criticism of the state's role in maintaining privilege for the powerful and oppressing dissidents.

The passage elaborates on anarchist-communism and collectivist anarchism, both of which oppose central authority and emphasize mutual control within local communities. The passage also mentions individualist anarchism, highlighting its distinction from capitalism and its focus on personal autonomy and mutualism. Despite the diversity within anarchist traditions, the fundamental opposition to the centralization of power in the state is the idea common to all forms of anarchism.

Thus, the correct answer is: They are all opposed to the centralisation of power in the state.

Answer 5

The passage primarily discusses anarchism and its ideological framework. To determine the conceptually closest set of terms from the given options, we need to closely analyze the focus of the passage:

• The passage defines anarchism with roots in the Greek term "anarkhia," meaning "contrary to authority" or "without a ruler" and discusses its adoption by Pierre-Joseph Proudhon to describe his political and social ideology.
• It illustrates the ideology of anarchism as a radical response to state power and its tendencies to uphold privileges of the powerful while marginalizing the poor. Anarchists view the state as an enemy since it supports centralized state power and recurrent betrayal after revolutionary uprisings.
• The text discusses the opposition of anarchists to centralized authority and emphasizes the concepts of individual freedom and mutualism.

Considering these points, the set "Anarchism, State, Individual, Freedom" aligns best with the passage. Anarchism directly relates to state opposition, it acknowledges the significance of individual freedom, and addresses the role of the state in perpetuating inequality and power imbalances. Therefore, this set summarizes the main ideas of the passage.

Answer 6

The correct option is (ADCB):
1. Relying on narrative structure alone, indigenous significances of nineteenth century San folktales are hard to determine.
4. Meaning can be elicited, and the tales contextualized, by probing beneath the narrative of verbatim, original-language records and exploring the connotations of highly significant words and phrases.
3. Selected tales reveal that they deal with a form of spiritual conflict that has social implications and concern conflict between people and living or dead malevolent shamans.
2. Using their supernatural potency, benign shamans transcend the levels of the San cosmos in order to deal with social conflict and to protect material resources and enjoy a measure of respect that sets them apart from ordinary people.

Answer 7

The correct option is (C): The correct option is (C):Slaves came from societies in which oaths, orations, and invocations carried great potency, both between people and as a connection to the all-powerful spirit world.

Answer 8

The correct option is (A): (3) Since the 1990s, the security environment of South East Asia has seen both continuity and profound changes.
(1) Tensions and sometimes conflict remain an issue in and between the 11 states in South East Asia (Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Timor-Leste and Vietnam).
(2) China’s rise as a regional military power and its claims in the South China Sea have become an increasingly pressing security concern for many South East Asian states.
(4) These concerns cause states from outside the region to take an active interest in South East Asian security.

Answer 9

The correct option is (D): Europe has chosen to lower political and economic heterogeneity, in order to adapt itself to an emerging multi-polar world.

Answer 10

The correct option is (B): Movies and televisions have led to the belief that the use of forensic phonetics in legal investigations is robust and fool proof.

Answer 11

Biologists have questioned the long-standing view that ‘intelligence’ is a single entity and the attempts to estimate its heritability.

Answer 12

The correct option is (C): Androcentric literature structures the reading experience differently depending on the gender of the reader.

Answer 13

The correct option is (D): 1. Man has used poisons for assassination purposes ever since the dawn of civilization, against individual enemies but also occasionally against armies.
2. These dangers were soon recognized, and resulted in two international declarations—in 1874 in Brussels and in 1899 in The Hague—that prohibited the use of poisoned weapons.
3. The foundation of microbiology by Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch offered new prospects for those interested in biological weapons because it allowed agents to be chosen and designed on a rational basis.
4. Though treaties were all made in good faith, they contained no means of control, and so failed to prevent interested parties from developing and using biological weapons.