The passage below is accompanied by four questions. Based on the passage, choose the best answer for each question.
In the late 1980s, my father and his friend took a wrong turn off the international road from West Germany to West Berlin and were stopped by an East German police officer. Fortunately, they simply turned around after their harrowing interchange with the cop. Mistakes can have far worse consequences when they are made by leaders of countries. In 1962, Soviet premier Nikita Khrushchev's move to furnish Cuba's Fidel Castro with nuclear-capable long-range missiles almost produced an all-out war. Such an action was a violation of the post-World War II spheres-of-influence logic, where the Soviet Union and the United States were each supposed to dominate their own ideological, military, and economic spheres.
The Cold War influenced all aspects of life and became a motive for academics and different pundits to scrutinize the status of the international system it had generated. IR theory turned into an independent academic discipline to some extent due to nuclear threats and thereby the need for predictability. In 1964, theorist Kenneth Waltz argued that bipolarity as cast by the Cold War was the reason for a more secure world, where two poles balanced power and diminished opportunities for war.
These theorists based their predictions of behavior in specific international systems on ancient history and thinkers. The civil war between Sparta and Athens, the Peloponnesian War (431-404 BCE), was taken to be the first bipolar system. Alexis de Tocqueville, Karl Marx, and Friedrich Nietzsche were all influences on this viewpoint, though its exact origins are unclear. In the 1960s, when bipolarity was supposedly at its height during the Cold War, dissenters such as journalist Walter Lippmann began to argue that an independent role for China could already be counted on, citing the example of Charles de Gaulle's withdrawal of French troops from NATO in 1966 to illustrate weakening superpower dominance.
During the 1970s, new indicators of power, such as economic growth in Japan, hinted at a shift toward a multipolar world order. As recently as 2015, political scientist John Mearsheimer forecasted Russia's 2022 invasion of Ukraine on the basis of geographical and size differences—a very traditionalist power dynamics thinking.
This board game-like approach forgets the human element of international affairs. Differential worldviews resulted from the post-1945 decolonization and reconstruction process, thus upsetting the bipolarity of the Cold War. Anticolonial modernity was pursued by leaders like Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana, who used to insist on the necessity of psychological deliverance from colonial inferiority complexes.
This anticolonial modernity was projected across Africa by Nkrumah's Ghana, with its message combining cultural pride and psychological liberation. The 1958 All-African Peoples' Conference argued that the African people had to cast off the imitation of foreign ways of life and turn seriously to their traditions.
Anti-colonial modernity aimed at a different international system from the bipolarity of the Cold War. Pan-Africanism, pan-Arabism, and other pan-isms sought to unite regions against protection and progress. For Nkrumah, independence was therefore connected with a united Africa.
This multipolarity was recognized by theorists such as Hans J Morgenthau and Joseph Nye, who saw beyond Cold War rigidity. Indeed, as early as the 1960s, even a US policymaker like Henry Kissinger recognized that a multipolar world had emerged.
Postcolonial archives are quite revealing for the period, even though record-keeping challenges and overrepresentation of Global North archives complicate that exercise. All the same, an opportunity exists for African sources to test how far Cold War superpower rivalry alone dictated the international system.

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\(\text{The Politics of Change}\)	\(\text{The Change in Politics}\)	\(\text{Politics and Change:}\) A Global Perspective}
In "The Politics of Change," political analyst Dr. Emily Harper examines the dynamics of social movements and their impact on policy reform. Through detailed case studies, she explores how grassroots organizations, protests, and advocacy campaigns shape public opinion and influence lawmakers. Dr. Harper provides insights into the strategies that successful movements employ and discusses the challenges they face in a complex political landscape. She discusses key strategies, such as coalition-building, media engagement, and the use of digital platforms to amplify voices.	This book by veteran journalist Mark Stevens investigates the shifting political landscape in the 21st century. Focusing on major elections, emerging political parties, and the role of social media, Stevens analyzes how technology and demographics are transforming political engagement and voter behaviour. Through interviews with political leaders, campaign strategists, and everyday voters, Stevens uncovers how demographic shifts and technological advancements are reshaping political discourse in urban areas. He analyzes the implications of these changes for traditional political institutions and explores how movements like #MeToo and Black Lives Matter have disrupted conventional narratives.	In this insightful work, international relations scholar Dr. Anika Patel presents a global analysis of political change across various regions. She explores the factors that drive political transitions, including economic shifts, cultural movements, and international influences. Dr. Patel emphasizes the interconnectedness of global politics and how local changes can have far-reaching implications. She analyzes various factors driving political transitions, including economic upheaval, cultural shifts, and the impact of globalization. She provides case studies from diverse regions, such as the Arab Spring, democratic movements in Latin America, and shifts in power in Asia. The book serves as a vital resource for understanding the complexities of political evolution in a rapidly changing world.

What prompted the creation of the discipline of international relations theory ?

The Correct Option is C

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How did Kenneth Waltz view the Cold War's bipolar system ?

The Correct Option is B

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What was Kwame Nkrumah's approach to anticolonial modernity ?

The Correct Option is B

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How did John Mearsheimer's prediction about Russia in 2022 reflect his approach to international relations ?

The Correct Option is C

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