The IUCN Red List is based on a set of criteria to evaluate species vulnerability to extinction. Which one or more of the options is/are used as criteria?
Show Hint
- Absolute population size
- Geographic range
- Economic value
- Change in population size over time
The Correct Option is A, B, D
Solution and Explanation
Plant–Mycorrhizal Fungi Interactions
Step 1: Recall what mycorrhizae do.
Mycorrhizal fungi exchange soil nutrients (P, N, water) for photosynthate (carbon) from plant roots. The net effect depends on soil nutrient availability.
Step 2: Classify interactions by cost–benefit to the plant.
- Nutrient-poor soils: Fungal hyphae enhance nutrient uptake. Plant gains more than it pays in carbon. \(\Rightarrow\) Mutualism → (C) true.
- Nutrient-rich soils: Plant can acquire nutrients without fungus; fungus still takes carbon. Plant pays cost with little or no return. \(\Rightarrow\) Parasitism → (A) true.
- Intermediate/neutral cases: Net plant effect ≈ 0 while fungus still gains carbon. \(\Rightarrow\) Commensalism → (D) can occur.
Step 3: Eliminate the incorrect option.
(B) Predation involves killing or consuming another organism; mycorrhizal colonization does not fit this definition.
Final Answer: \[ \boxed{\text{(A) Parasitism, \quad (C) Mutualism, \quad (D) Commensalism}} \]
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