The fifth edition of the National Family Health Survey (NFHS) provides a valuable insight into changes underway in Indian society. It throws light on traditional parameters, for instance im munisation among children, births in registered hospital facilities, and nutritional levels. While there is a general improvement in these parameters, there were mixed signals in nutrition. Gains in childhood nutrition were minimal as were improvements in obesity levels. The prevalence of anaemia has actually worsened since the last survey in 2015-16. But the survey’s major contribution is its insight into behavioural and sociological churn. When highlights were made public last year, the focus was on India’s declining total fertility rate that had, for the first time in the country’s history, dipped to below the replacement level, or a TFR (Total Fertility Rate) of 2.1. If the trend were to persist, India’s population was on the decline in line with what has been observed in developed countries, and theoretically means improved living standards per capita and greater gender equity. Because this TFR had been achieved across most States, two notable exceptions being most populous Uttar Pradesh and Bihar, it was also evidence that population decline could be achieved without coercive state policies and family planning has struck deep roots. The more detailed findings, made public last week, suggest that this decline is agnostic to religion.
Which among the following statement is TRUE according to the passage?
Show Hint
- Broadly the results indicate that the iron deficiency is not a major problem.
- TFR decline is an obvious phenomenon among all the states including Uttar Pradesh and Bihar.
- Obesity levels are also declining.
- TFR decline has no correlation with religious background.
The Correct Option is D
Solution and Explanation
The question asks to identify which of the given statements is true based on the information in the passage. We must check each option against the text.
Step 2: Fact-Checking Each Statement
(A) Broadly the results indicate that the iron deficiency is not a major problem: This is false. The passage states, "The prevalence of anaemia has actually worsened since the last survey". Anaemia is caused by iron deficiency, so it is a worsening problem, not a minor one.
(B) TFR decline is an obvious phenomenon among all the states including Uttar Pradesh and Bihar: This is false. The passage says the decline was "achieved across most States, two notable exceptions being most populous Uttar Pradesh and Bihar." So, the decline was not obvious in these two states.
(C) Obesity levels are also declining: This is false. The passage states, "Gains in childhood nutrition were minimal as were improvements in obesity levels." Minimal improvements mean the levels are not significantly declining.
(D) TFR decline has no correlation with religious background: This is true. The last sentence of the passage states, "The more detailed findings, made public last week, suggest that this decline is agnostic to religion." "Agnostic to religion" means it is happening irrespective of religious background.
Step 3: Final Answer
Based on the direct evidence from the passage, the only true statement is that the decline in the Total Fertility Rate is not related to religion. Therefore, option (D) is the correct answer.
Top Questions on Reading Comprehension
During Bentham’s lifetime, revolutions occurred in the American colonies and in France, producing the Bill of Rights and the Declaration des Droits deHomme (Declaration of the Rights of Man), both of which were based on liberty, equality, and self-determination. Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels published The Communist Manifesto in 1848. Revolutionary movements broke out that year in France, Italy, Austria, Poland, and elsewhere. In addition, the Indus trial Revolution transformed Great Britain and eventually the rest of Europe from an agrarian (farm-based) society into an industrial one, in which steam and coal increased manufacturing production dramatically, changing the nature of work, property ownership, and family. This period also included advances in chemistry, astronomy, navigation, human anatomy, and im munology, among other sciences.
Given this historical context, it is understandable that Bentham used reason and science to explain human behaviour. His ethical system was an attempt to quantify happiness and the good so they would meet the conditions of the scientific method. Ethics had to be empirical, quantifiable, verifiable, and reproducible across time and space. Just as science was beginning to understand the workings of cause and effect in the body, so ethics would explain the causal relationships of the mind. Bentham rejected religious authority and wrote a rebuttal to the Declaration of Independence in which he railed against natural rights as “rhetorical nonsense, nonsense upon stilts.” Instead, the fundamental unit of human action for him was utility—solid, certain, and factual.
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