Step 1: Understanding effective length of columns.
- The effective length of a column depends on support conditions, frame type, and column height, but it does not depend on the loads acting on the frame.
Step 2: IS 456:2000 guidelines.
- IS 456-2000 defines effective length factors based on the end conditions of the column, bracing conditions, and frame stiffness.
Thus, the correct answer is (D) loads acting on the frame.