In the given circuit, the equivalent resistance between points A and D is:
Assertion : In a semiconductor diode, the thickness of the depletion layer is not fixed.
Reason (R): Thickness of depletion layer in a semiconductor device depends upon many factors such as biasing of the semiconductor.
The surface integral \( \int_S x^2 \, dS \) over the upper hemisphere
\[ z = \sqrt{1 - x^2 - y^2} \]
with radius 1 is ..........