Question

The conditions that must be satisfied before making causal inferences include all the following except:

• A. time order of occurrence of variables
• B. role of evidence
• C. elimination of other possible factors
• D. evidence of association

Hint:

For causality: cause before effect, proven association, no other explanation.

Answer 1

The Correct Option is B

Step 1: Conditions for causality.
1. Time order: Cause happens before effect.
2. Association: Cause and effect are related.
3. Elimination of other factors: No alternative explanation exists.
Step 2: Why (b) is wrong.
“Role of evidence” is not formally listed as one of the three main criteria for causal inference. While evidence is important, it’s not a distinct condition in the causality framework. \[ \boxed{(b)} \]