Let \( A = \{-3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3\} \). A relation \( R \) is defined such that \( xRy \) if \( y = \max(x, 1) \). The number of elements required to make it reflexive is \( l \), the number of elements required to make it symmetric is \( m \), and the number of elements in the relation \( R \) is \( n \). Then the value of \( l + m + n \) is equal to:
For hydrogen-like species, which of the following graphs provides the most appropriate representation of \( E \) vs \( Z \) plot for a constant \( n \)?
[E : Energy of the stationary state, Z : atomic number, n = principal quantum number]
The number of 6-letter words, with or without meaning, that can be formed using the letters of the word MATHS such that any letter that appears in the word must appear at least twice, is $ 4 \_\_\_\_\_$.
In thermodynamics, work is a way of energy transfer from a system to surroundings, under the influence of external factors such gravity, electromagnetic forces, pressure/volume etc.
Energy (ΔU) can cross the boundary of a system in two forms -> Work (W) and Heat (q). Both work and heat refer to processes by which energy is transferred to or from a substance.
ΔU=W+q
Work done by a system is defined as the quantity of energy exchanged between a system and its surroundings. It is governed by external factors such as an external force, pressure or volume or change in temperature etc.
Work (W) in mechanics is displacement (d) against a resisting force (F).
Work has units of energy (Joule, J)