Read the passage carefully and answer the question given below by selecting the correct option:
On September 30, 2001, I (Dr APJ Abdul Kalam) found myself on a journey from Ranchi to Bokaro in Jharkhand. The helicopter carrying me crashed just before landing, its engine failing with a thud upon impact. Miraculously, all on board escaped unharmed. Grateful to God, I proceeded with my scheduled programme in Bokaro, unfazed by the incident. That night, doctors suggested a tranquilliser to ease perceived shock, leading to an early and disturbed sleep, filled with contemplation.
Amidst this intense dream, I stood in a moonlit desert with five revered figures: Mahatma Gandhi, Albert Einstein, Emperor Asoka, Abraham Lincoln, and Caliph Omar. Asoka’s reflection on the Kalinga war symbolised a shift from conquest to compassion, inspiring a doctrine of non-violence, Ahimsa Dharma.
In this profound dream-conversation, these figures shared wisdom on humanity’s deep divisions caused by violence. They emphasised peace, equality, and the significance of ethical values in human consciousness. Asoka, having witnessed the consequences of his victories, highlighted the futility of causing suffering and the triumph of a peaceful kingdom.
Awakening from this vivid dream, I contemplated the contrasting forces of good and destruction in the world. The challenges faced by humanity, from conflicts to natural disasters and terrorism, prompted deep reflection. Yet, despite these challenges, I held a determined belief
in finding an everlasting solution.
Motivated by this dream and a desire to contribute to the greater good, I made a significant decision. Shifting focus from my scientific career, awards, and teams, I aimed to discover India’s true essence in its children. This marked a transcendence of personal achievements, emphasising the importance of nurturing enlightened individuals and fostering the inner, higher self in the youth. My commitment was to contribute to the enduring intelligence of India through meaningful interaction with joyous, young minds.
APJ Abdul Kalam ’Ignited Minds’
What event prompted the author’s contemplation in the passage?
- Meeting the revered figures
- The helicopter crash
- The scheduled programme in Bokaro
- Doctors’ suggestions for a tranquilliser
The Correct Option is B
Approach Solution - 1
In order to determine what event prompted Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam's contemplation in the passage, we should focus on the key elements described just before the contemplation scene. The passage narrates a significant incident where a helicopter carrying Dr. Kalam crashed just before landing, leading to a miraculous escape for everyone on board. This dramatic event followed by Kalam's reflection and decision-making process strongly suggests that the helicopter crash was the catalyst for his deep contemplation. Amidst gratitude and survival, the experience induced introspection and set the scene for the dream and subsequent reflections on humanity's challenges and his personal decisions.
Therefore, the correct answer to the question is: The helicopter crash.
Approach Solution -2
The helicopter crash prompted APJ Abdul Kalam's contemplation as mentioned in the passage, leading to reflection and a shift towards nurturing young minds.
Context: The tragic incident of the helicopter crash had a profound impact on APJ Abdul Kalam, which led to a moment of deep introspection. It was during this period of contemplation that he realized the importance of focusing on the future generation's growth and development.
Key Reflection: The realization that the country's future lies in the hands of the younger generation made Kalam redirect his focus from his scientific pursuits to more significant societal contributions. This shift encouraged him to dedicate himself to educating and inspiring young minds, shaping the leaders of tomorrow.
Change in Perspective: Before the crash, his efforts were primarily directed at advancing technology and working on defense projects. However, the reflection triggered by the crash became a turning point in his life. It led him to view his responsibilities through a broader lens, which included contributing to the personal and academic growth of future generations.
Final Thought: This moment of reflection and the subsequent change in priorities define a crucial turning point in APJ Abdul Kalam's life and his lasting legacy as a mentor, teacher, and visionary who believed in the power of young minds to transform the world. His shift towards nurturing young minds was not just about teaching them but empowering them to think critically and innovate for the betterment of society.
In Abdul Kalam’s dream, who among the historical figures symbolised a shift from conquest to compassion?
- Mahatma Gandhi
- Albert Einstein
- Emperor Asoka
- Abraham Lincoln
The Correct Option is C
Approach Solution - 1
Approach Solution -2
Emperor Asoka symbolized the shift from conquest to compassion after reflecting on the Kalinga war, leading to his embrace of non-violence, Ahimsa Dharma.
Context: After the devastating Kalinga war, Emperor Asoka underwent a profound transformation. The horrors of the war and the suffering it caused made him reflect deeply on the nature of conquest and its consequences on human lives.
Realization of the Harmful Effects of Violence: The massive loss of life and the destruction caused during the war led Asoka to recognize the futility of violence in achieving true peace and prosperity. He understood that the real power of a ruler lies in compassion and the ability to lead with wisdom, not through force.
Embrace of Non-Violence (Ahimsa Dharma): In response to this realization, Asoka converted to Buddhism and adopted the principles of Ahimsa, or non-violence, which became central to his governance. He sought to lead by example, promoting peace, tolerance, and the welfare of all beings through his policies.
Final Thought: Emperor Asoka's shift from a warrior to a compassionate ruler marked a significant moment in history. His transformation demonstrates the power of reflection and the capacity for change, illustrating that true strength lies in promoting peace and non-violence over conquest.
What concept was born in Asoka’s mind in the dream, according to Abdul Kalam?
- Karma
- Ahimsa Dharma
- Nirvana
- Moksha
The Correct Option is B
Approach Solution - 1
The question asks about the concept that emerged in Emperor Asoka's mind, according to the dream experienced by Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam, as described in the passage.
The passage details Kalam's dream interaction with historical figures, including Emperor Asoka. In the dream, Asoka reflected on the Kalinga war and realized the importance of moving from conquest to compassion, which inspired the doctrine of non-violence. This concept is referred to as Ahimsa Dharma.
Therefore, the correct answer to the question is Ahimsa Dharma, as it represents the shift towards non-violence and compassion that Asoka embraced after the Kalinga war.
Approach Solution -2
Asoka reflected on the Kalinga war in Abdul Kalam's dream, which led to the birth of Ahimsa Dharma (non-violence) in his mind.
Context: In a moment of deep reflection, Asoka, through Abdul Kalam's dream, revisits the horrors of the Kalinga war. This reflection serves as a catalyst for the profound change in Asoka's mindset, leading him to reconsider the path of violence.
Realization and Transformation: As Asoka ponders over the devastating consequences of the war, he feels a deep sense of remorse for the bloodshed and suffering it caused. This leads to the birth of a new understanding within him—Ahimsa Dharma, or the principle of non-violence, takes root in his mind.
Adoption of Non-Violence: The vision of non-violence profoundly changes Asoka’s approach to governance and personal conduct. Embracing the teachings of Buddhism, he chooses to rule with compassion, prioritizing peace and the welfare of his people over military conquest.
Final Thought: The reflection on the Kalinga war, experienced in Abdul Kalam's dream, not only marked a turning point in Asoka's life but also symbolized a broader shift in ancient India's approach to leadership and ethics. His embrace of Ahimsa Dharma remains one of the most significant transformations in history.
What significant decision did Abdul Kalam make after awakening from the dream?
- Shift focus from scientific career to nurturing enlightened individuals.
- Continue with his scheduled programme despite the incident.
- Pursue more awards and accolades in his scientific field.
- Explore the moonlit desert with the historical figures from the dream.
The Correct Option is A
Approach Solution - 1
The passage from Abdul Kalam's "Ignited Minds" describes a transformative moment in his life. After experiencing a vivid dream involving influential historical figures, he contemplated the challenges of violence and divisions in the world. The figures highlighted the importance of peace, equality, and ethical values.
Upon awakening, Kalam reflected on these themes and made a significant decision: to shift his focus from his scientific career towards nurturing enlightened individuals. This decision was inspired by the dream and his desire to contribute to the greater good, emphasizing the need to foster the higher self in youth and focusing on the enduring intelligence of India.
Therefore, the significant decision Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam made after awakening from his dream was to shift focus from his scientific career to nurturing enlightened individuals, as per the correct answer in the given options.
Approach Solution -2
Kalam shifted his focus from scientific achievements to nurturing and enlightening young minds, emphasizing a commitment to future generations.
Context: Throughout his illustrious career, Kalam made significant contributions to India's scientific advancements. However, after moments of reflection, he recognized that his true purpose was to empower the future generations, shifting his focus from technological achievements to the holistic development of young minds.
Realization and Change in Direction: Kalam realized that while scientific progress was important, the development of young people, particularly in the fields of education and values, would have a far greater and lasting impact on society. He believed that nurturing the youth was key to building a better future for India.
Commitment to Enlightening Young Minds: Kalam dedicated his later years to inspiring and mentoring young students, encouraging them to dream big and work hard. He became a symbol of hope and motivation, emphasizing the need for education, discipline, and vision to empower the next generation of leaders and innovators.
Final Thought: Kalam's shift in focus represents a profound lesson in leadership: true success lies not just in individual achievements, but in the ability to inspire and guide others towards greatness. His commitment to future generations continues to inspire millions across the globe.
Find a word from the passage that has a similar meaning to the word ‘Deep’
- Unfazed
- Profound
- Higher
- Vivid
The Correct Option is B
Approach Solution - 1
The passage extracted is from Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam's "Ignited Minds," recounting an incident and a dream that led to profound realizations. Within this context, the word "profound" emerges from a pivotal dream-conversation held with historical figures such as Mahatma Gandhi and Emperor Asoka. This dream symbolizes deep introspection about humanity's divide by violence and efforts towards peace and equality. Thus, 'profound' in this context aligns with the meaning 'deep' as it signifies significant, thoughtful insights during the dream.
Correct Answer: Profound
Approach Solution -2
The word “profound” refers to deep thoughts or insights, which align with the depth of contemplation mentioned in Abdul Kalam's passage.
Context: The word "profound" is often used to describe something that has a significant depth, whether in terms of thought, emotion, or understanding. In the context of Abdul Kalam’s passage, it aptly captures the deep level of reflection and insight he experienced during his moments of contemplation.
Meaning of "Profound": When Kalam reflects on his life and his mission, he does so with profound thoughts, meaning his insights are not shallow or fleeting but are rooted in deep, meaningful contemplation. The use of this term emphasizes the seriousness and depth of his reflections.
Alignment with Kalam's Reflection: The use of the word "profound" in this context highlights the transformative nature of Abdul Kalam’s thoughts as he shifted his focus from scientific achievements to the nurturing of young minds. His reflections were not surface-level but instead led to a deep realization that shaped his future endeavors.
Final Thought: The depth of Kalam’s contemplation, as reflected in the use of the word “profound,” mirrors the significance of his personal transformation, illustrating how deep thought can lead to a broader and more meaningful purpose in life.
Select an antonym for the word “tranquilliser”
- Sedative
- Stimulant
- Calming
- Soothing
The Correct Option is B
Approach Solution - 1
The task is to find an antonym for the word "tranquilliser." In the passage, after a helicopter crash, doctors suggested a tranquilliser to Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam to ease perceived shock, which implies its use is to calm or relax. Considering the options:
- "Sedative": Similar to tranquilliser; both induce calmness.
- "Stimulant": Opposite of tranquilliser; increases alertness and activity.
- "Calming": Similar in effect to a tranquilliser.
- "Soothing": Provides comfort, akin to tranquilliser effects.
Given these explanations, the word "Stimulant" is the correct antonym for "tranquilliser" as stimulants wake up or excite rather than calming the body or mind.
Approach Solution -2
The word “stimulant” is the opposite of “tranquilliser,” as a stimulant increases activity or alertness, while a tranquilliser induces calmness or reduces anxiety.
Context: The term "stimulant" refers to substances that increase activity in the body or mind, enhancing alertness or energy. In contrast, a "tranquilliser" is a substance that induces calmness, relaxation, and reduces anxiety or stress. These terms are opposites in their effects on the human system.
Definition of Stimulant: A stimulant, such as caffeine or certain medications, works by increasing the levels of certain chemicals in the brain, promoting heightened alertness, increased physical activity, and improved focus.
Definition of Tranquilliser: A tranquilliser, on the other hand, works by calming the nervous system, reducing stress, and inducing a sense of relaxation or sleep. Medications like benzodiazepines or sedatives fall under this category.
Final Thought: The contrasting effects of stimulants and tranquillizers demonstrate how different substances can influence the mind and body in opposing ways—one energizing and the other calming. Their usage depends on the specific needs of the individual, whether to increase activity or reduce anxiety.
Top Questions on Reading Comprehension
- The advent of social media has dramatically transformed the way individuals consume and share information. In earlier times, people largely depended on newspapers, radio, or television as their primary sources of knowledge about the world. These were institutions that followed established editorial practices and fact-checking processes. With the rise of digital platforms, however, the traditional ‘gatekeepers’ of information have been bypassed. Today, anyone with internet access can create content, express an opinion, or broadcast an idea to a global audience within seconds.
This shift has certainly democratized access and given voice to communities and individuals who were often ignored by mainstream media. Yet, this democratization comes with challenges. Alongside genuine voices, social media has also amplified misinformation, rumours, and half-truths. Unlike traditional journalism, where accountability and verification are built into the system, social media thrives on speed, virality, and emotion. A misleading headline, a misinterpreted statistic, or even a doctored image can travel across the world before fact-checkers have the chance to intervene.
The consequences of such unchecked information can be serious, ranging from the spread of fear and panic to the manipulation of public opinion. The impact of this transformation extends beyond individual users to institutions and democracies. Political campaigns, corporate branding, and even social movements are now shaped by algorithms that decide what people see and when they see it. These algorithms prioritize engagement, often promoting content that provokes stronger emotional reactions rather than balanced analysis.
As a result, echo chambers form, online spaces where people are repeatedly exposed to opinions that mirror their own, reinforcing biases and reducing openness to differing perspectives. This has contributed to increasing polarization in societies across the world. Moreover, the competition for attention has blurred the line between information and entertainment, leading to the rise of sensationalism even in serious public discourse. The credibility of expertise too has been undermined, as opinions from unverified sources are often placed on the same footing as evidence-based knowledge.
In response, several governments and technology companies are exploring ways to promote digital literacy, enhance transparency in algorithms, and strengthen fact-checking collaborations. Ultimately, the challenge lies in balancing the openness of digital spaces with mechanisms that ensure responsibility and trustworthiness in public communication.- AILET BALLB (Hons.) - 2026
- English
- Reading Comprehension
- I have still to be brother to a Prince, though I once came near to kinship with what might have been a veritable King, and was promised the reversion of a Kingdom, army, law-courts, revenue, and policy, all complete. But, today, I greatly fear that my King is dead, and if I want a crown I must go and hunt it for myself. The beginning of everything was in a railway train upon the road to Mhow from Ajmir. There had been a deficit in the Budget, which necessitated travelling, not Second class, which is only half as dear as First class, but by Intermediate, which is very awful indeed. There are no cushions in the Intermediate class, and the population is either Intermediate, which is Eurasian, or native, which for a long night journey is nasty; or Loafer, which is amusing though intoxicated. Intermediates do not patronize refreshment rooms. They carry their food in bundles and pots, and buy sweets from the native sweet meat sellers, and drink the roadside water. That is why in the hot weather Intermediates are taken out of the carriages dead, and in all weathers are most properly looked down upon.
My particular Intermediate happened to be empty till I reached Nasirabad, when a huge gentleman in shirt sleeves entered, and following the custom of Intermediates, passed the time of day. He was a wanderer and a vagabond like myself, but with an educated taste for alcohol. He told daring tales of things he had seen and done, of out-of-the-way corners of the Empire into which he had penetrated, and of adventures in which he risked his life for a few days’ food. “If India was filled with men like you and me, not knowing more than the crows where they’d get their next day’s rations, it isn’t seventy millions of revenue the land would be paying, it’s seven hundred millions,” said he; and as I looked at his mouth and chin I was disposed to agree with him.
We talked politics, the politics of Loaferdom that sees things from the underside where the lath and plaster is not smoothed off, and we talked postal arrangements because my friend wanted to send a telegram back from the next station to Ajmir, which is the turning off place from the Bombay to the Mhow line as you travel westward. He had the air of one who had seen strange countries and stranger men, yet bore himself without vanity. There was a restless light in his eyes, the sort that belongs to men who have lived too long without a fixed purpose. When he spoke of the Empire, it was not with loyalty nor with bitterness, but with the detached amusement of one who has played his part and lost interest in the game. His laughter came easily, though it seemed to echo from some remembered hardship. It struck me then that his stories were less of adventure than of survival.- AILET BALLB (Hons.) - 2026
- English
- Reading Comprehension
Democracy, often hailed as the most equitable form of governance, is a system where power ultimately rests in the hands of the people. The word derives from the Greek words ”demos” meaning people and ”kratos” meaning power or rule. Democracy aims to provide equal political participation and protect the individual freedoms of all citizens. However, while the idea of democracy is simple, its practice is frequently complex and fraught with challenges. At its core, democracy functions on the principle of majority rule, yet it simultaneously guarantees the protection of minority rights.
This balance ensures that while the majority has the power to make decisions through voting, the fundamental rights of minorities are not trampled upon. Such a system requires consistent vigilance and respect for the rule of law. Without these, democracies can devolve into majoritarian tyranny or authoritarianism. The practice of democracy is not merely limited to voting in elections. It encompasses freedom of speech, an independent judiciary, free press, and protection of individual rights. These elements together create a political environment where citizens can express dissent, hold leaders accountable, and participate actively in decision-making. When any component is weakened, the democratic process becomes vulnerable.
In recent times, democratic societies worldwide have grappled with new challenges. The rise of misinformation and fake news has eroded public trust in institutions and polarized societies. Social media platforms, meant to facilitate communication, have sometimes amplified divisive narratives and falsehoods. This has resulted in voter manipulation and a growing skepticism toward democratic processes. Literacy in media and critical thinking is increasingly vital to safeguard democracy from such threats. Economic inequality poses another significant challenge. While democracy promises equal rights politically, vast disparities in wealth and opportunity undermine this ideal.
This phenomenon raises questions about whether democracy is achievable without addressing socioeconomic inequalities. Furthermore, the involvement of citizens is crucial. Democracy requires that people are informed, engaged, and willing to participate beyond casting votes. Civic education and awareness campaigns play an essential role in nurturing responsible citizenship. Apathy or disengagement weakens the democratic fabric, opening avenues for corruption and other dangers to the system. In conclusion, democracy thrives on the collective responsibility of governments and citizens to protect its pillars and ensure inclusive, fair governance.- AILET BALLB (Hons.) - 2026
- English
- Reading Comprehension
The Rule of Law
by Tom BinghamJustice: What’s the Right Thing to Do?
by Michael J. SandelLetters to a Law Student
by Nicholas J. McBrideIn The Rule of Law, former Lord Chief Justice Tom Bingham explores how the principle of legality underpins modern democratic life. He defines the rule of law as more than just adherence to formal rules; it is the assurance that power is exercised within clear, fair, and publicly known boundaries.
Bingham distills the concept into eight principles, including equality before the law, access to justice, and respect for fundamental human rights. Drawing on cases and historical examples, he warns that national security and administrative efficiency must never override the rights of individuals.
The book bridges legal philosophy and practice, arguing that law must be both predictable and humane. For Bingham, the rule of law represents a moral ideal, one that sustains public trust in justice and curbs arbitrary governance.Michael Sandel’s Justice: What’s the Right Thing to Do? examines moral reasoning in law and politics. Through examples like price gouging, affirmative action, and taxation, Sandel invites readers to explore competing notions of fairness.
He engages with philosophical traditions such as utilitarianism, libertarianism, and Rawlsian egalitarianism, showing that questions of justice cannot be separated from questions of virtue and the common good.
Sandel rejects the idea of a morally “neutral” legal system, arguing that public deliberation about values is essential to democracy. Ultimately, he argues that a just society is one that cultivates civic responsibility, not merely individual rights.Nicholas McBride’s Letters to a Law Student is a practical and reflective guide for aspiring lawyers. Written as a series of letters to a student beginning law school, it explores what legal study truly involves.
This includes mastering case analysis, understanding precedents, and developing critical reasoning. McBride distinguishes between knowing the law and thinking like a lawyer, the latter requiring analytical discipline and ethical awareness.
He emphasizes that good lawyers combine intellectual rigor with moral judgment and clarity of expression. Beyond academic success, the book urges students to reflect on law’s purpose, balancing order, justice, and compassion in human affairs.- AILET BALLB (Hons.) - 2026
- English
- Reading Comprehension
Urban gardening has become increasingly popular as a means to address food security, sustainability, and mental well-being in cities. By growing their own fruits, vegetables, and herbs, individuals can reduce their reliance on commercial supply chains that contribute to extensive transportation, energy consumption, and synthetic chemical use. In addition to providing fresh, nutritious food, urban gardening also contributes to environmental sustainability by mitigating urban heat island effects, improving air quality, and managing water runoff. Furthermore, it offers psychological benefits, including reduced stress, improved mood, and a sense of accomplishment. Despite its many benefits, urban gardening faces challenges like space limitations, poor soil quality, and inadequate sunlight, which gardeners overcome using innovative techniques such as vertical farming and hydroponics.
- AILET BALLB (Hons.) - 2026
- English
- Reading Comprehension
Questions Asked in CUET exam
- An object is placed 10 cm in front of a concave mirror of focal length 15 cm. The image formed is:
- CUET (UG) - 2025
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A) the city's new policy
B) has significantly improved
C) air quality
D) over the past year- CUET (UG) - 2025
- Sentence Arrangement
- A train crosses a platform 200 m long in 36 seconds and a pole in 18 seconds. Find the speed of the train.
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- Speed, Time and Distance
- Two point charges \( q_1 \) and \( q_2 \) are placed at a distance \( r \) in vacuum. The force between them is \( F \). If the distance is doubled and both charges are halved, what will be the new force?
- CUET (UG) - 2025
- Electrostatics
- A person walks 10 m North, then turns right and walks 5 m, then turns right again and walks 10 m. What direction is he facing now?
- CUET (UG) - 2025
- Direction sense