Read the given passage and answer the six questions that follow.
Coffee’s genetic make-up is no trivial concern; 10 million tonnes of the crop were grown and sold in 2022–23. The coffee that we drink comes from two species: Coffea Canephora, which is also known as Robusta and Coffea Arabica, known as Arabica. In many cases, beans from the two species are blended to make a brew. But the beans of single species are also roasted and sold. Overall, Arabica beans represent around 56% of all coffee sold.
The above is an exacting definition of free will. What we commonly mean by free will is that we have a choice in most situations like, who you choose to marry, what profession you pursue or how you react to someone’s aggression. Sounds reasonable. But here’s the catch. Our ability to make that choice too is significantly restricted, dictated by our predispositions.
Most genetic variation in living organisms comes from hybridization with other species. However, this is a relatively rare event for Coffea Arabica because it has more than two copies of each chromosome — a phenomenon called polyploidy. Coffea Canephora has two copies of each chromosome, but Coffea Arabica contains multiple copies. This makes it much more difficult for Arabica to interbreed with other species.
As a result, Coffea Arabica’s main source of single nucleotide variation is mutation, which occurs at a steady rate over time. However, the species is also relatively young, having formed as a hybrid of Robusta and Coffea Eugenioides — another coffee species that is not widely cultivated — within the past 50,000 years. From that single plant, which has basically no variation, you create the whole species, and then the variation is only the novel mutations that have occurred since that event.
Despite this, there is substantial variation in the physical characteristics of the Arabica coffee plant, including different flavour profiles in the beans and variations in disease resistance, says emeritus geneticist Juan Medrano at the UC Davis Coffee Center at the University of California, Davis. “We’re always talking about low variability at the DNA level, but there is variability at the structural level, at the chromosomal level, at the level of deletions … and insertions,” Medrano says.
The correct answer to the question, "Cocoa was first introduced by the:" is "Olmec people". This conclusion is drawn from historical accounts indicating that the Olmec civilization, one of the earliest Mesoamerican cultures, first domesticated and consumed cocoa. They are often credited with pioneering the use of cocoa beans for both culinary and ceremonial purposes, laying the groundwork for its importance in cultures like the Maya and the Aztecs, who later also utilized cocoa but were not the originators of its introduction.
Therefore, among the given options, the "Olmec people" is the accurate choice.
The Olmec people were the first to consume cocoa.
Context: The Olmec civilization, which existed around 1500 BCE to 400 BCE in present-day Mexico, is credited with being the first to consume cocoa. The Olmecs are often recognized for their early use of cacao, a plant that would later become central to the cultures of Mesoamerica.
Early Use of Cocoa: The Olmec people are believed to have made a form of chocolate from the beans of the cacao tree. They likely ground the beans to create a bitter drink, which was used for both ritualistic and medicinal purposes. This marks the beginning of the long history of cacao use in the Americas.
Cultural Significance: Cocoa was highly valued by later Mesoamerican civilizations, such as the Maya and Aztecs, who used it for both ceremonial and economic purposes. The Olmecs paved the way for these cultures, setting the foundation for cocoa to become a key part of their economies and spiritual practices.
Final Thought: The Olmec people's early consumption of cocoa highlights their advanced understanding of plants and their significant contributions to the culinary and cultural traditions that would shape Mesoamerican civilizations for centuries.
The Aztecs added spices to make the cocoa drink more palatable.
Context: The Aztecs, who inherited the use of cocoa from earlier Mesoamerican cultures, transformed the bitter drink into a more flavorful beverage by adding various spices. This adaptation made the drink more enjoyable and allowed it to become an important part of their daily life and rituals.
Spices and Flavoring: The Aztecs added a variety of spices, such as chili peppers, vanilla, and annatto, to their cocoa drink. These ingredients not only enhanced the flavor but also provided additional cultural and medicinal significance. The spicy, often bitter drink became a symbol of power and was consumed by the elite and warriors.
Cultural Significance: For the Aztecs, cocoa was much more than just a beverage; it held spiritual importance and was often used in ceremonies, offerings, and rituals. The addition of spices to cocoa made it a refined and revered drink, often reserved for religious ceremonies or the elite of society.
Final Thought: The Aztecs' use of spices to enhance their cocoa drink not only made it more enjoyable but also elevated the drink to a symbol of cultural significance, showing the sophisticated nature of their culinary traditions.
The reason hot chocolate became "the beverage of the aristocracy" in Europe is primarily because only wealthy Europeans could buy it. This exclusivity was due to the high cost of the essential ingredients, which made it a luxury item beyond the reach of commoners. The other options are less relevant to explaining why it was associated specifically with the aristocracy. The association of hot chocolate with wealth and elite social gatherings further reinforced its status as a luxury beverage, enjoyed primarily by the affluent classes of European society.
Sugar, a luxury at the time, made hot chocolate a beverage for the wealthy.
Context: During the time of the Aztecs and early European introduction of chocolate, sugar was a rare and expensive commodity. As a result, adding sugar to hot chocolate made it a luxurious drink, often reserved for the elite and wealthy classes who could afford such an indulgence.
Sugar as a Luxury: Sugar was a precious ingredient in Europe, imported from the colonies, and it was used sparingly. The addition of sugar to cocoa made the drink more palatable and sweet, turning it into a treat that was often associated with wealth and status. For the upper class, hot chocolate was not only a flavorful drink but also a symbol of luxury.
Hot Chocolate and Social Status: In both Mesoamerica and Europe, the consumption of chocolate, especially sweetened with sugar, became a social marker. In Europe, it became a fashionable drink in aristocratic circles, often served in special gatherings and rituals, reinforcing the social divide between the wealthy and the common people.
Final Thought: The addition of sugar to hot chocolate elevated it from a simple drink to a symbol of luxury and privilege, reflecting the social and economic dynamics of the time.
Chocolate was more expensive than tea or coffee, leading to the decline of Chocolate Houses.
Context: During the 17th and 18th centuries, Chocolate Houses were popular in Europe, particularly in England. These establishments offered patrons the opportunity to enjoy a luxurious drink made from chocolate. However, the high cost of chocolate compared to tea and coffee contributed to the decline of these specialized venues.
Cost of Chocolate: Chocolate was a rare and expensive commodity, primarily due to the complex process of importing cacao and the added luxury of sugar. As a result, it was considered a more exclusive drink than tea or coffee, which were becoming more widely available and affordable.
Decline of Chocolate Houses: As the price of chocolate remained high, fewer people could afford to indulge in it regularly. Meanwhile, tea and coffee became more popular, more affordable, and more accessible to the general public. This shift in consumer habits, combined with the high cost of chocolate, led to the gradual decline of Chocolate Houses, which could no longer compete with the lower-priced alternatives.
Final Thought: The decline of Chocolate Houses highlights how economic factors, such as the cost of ingredients, can shape social trends and consumer behavior, leading to the rise of new alternatives that better meet the needs of a broader population.
The question asks us to choose the correct statement among the given options about serving hot chocolate in different cultures. Let's analyze each option:
Given the analysis, the correct statement is: Colombians serve hot chocolate topped with a dollop of cheese.
This is the Correct Statement
Colombians serve hot chocolate with a dollop of cheese.
Context: In Colombia, hot chocolate is often served with a unique twist: a dollop of cheese. This tradition is deeply rooted in Colombian culture, where the combination of the rich, warm chocolate and the savory cheese creates a comforting and flavorful experience.
Hot Chocolate and Cheese: The practice of adding cheese to hot chocolate is common in Colombia and some other Latin American countries. The cheese, usually a mild variety, melts slightly when placed into the hot chocolate, creating a creamy texture and enhancing the overall flavor. It is typically served as part of a hearty breakfast or a mid-day snack.
Final Thought: The Colombian tradition of serving hot chocolate with cheese offers a distinctive and delicious variation of the classic drink, combining sweet and savory elements that reflect the country’s unique culinary culture.
To determine the correct meaning of the underlined expression "caught on" in the sentence "Soon enough, though, hot chocolate caught on with the masses," we need to analyze the context and potential meanings.
The phrase "caught on" generally means to become popular or widely accepted among a group. Here, the sentence is discussing hot chocolate and its relationship with the masses. To "catch on" implies that the masses began to favor or adopt hot chocolate.
Now, let’s examine the options:
Option 1 | was readily available in cafes |
Option 2 | became popular among the commoners |
Option 3 | hot chocolate did not appeal to people |
Option 4 | masses got attracted to the rich experience of drinking hot chocolate |
By definition, "caught on" is synonymous with gaining popularity or widespread acceptance. Therefore, the correct choice is:
Option 2: became popular among the commoners.
"Caught on with the masses" means becoming popular among the common people.
Context: The phrase "caught on with the masses" refers to something gaining widespread popularity, especially among ordinary people. When an idea, trend, or product "catches on," it becomes embraced by the general public and is adopted on a large scale.
Meaning of the Phrase: The expression highlights how certain trends or cultural phenomena go from being niche or exclusive to being widely accepted and enjoyed by the broader population. This shift indicates a change from limited appeal to widespread enthusiasm.
Example: A new fashion trend, technology, or social movement might start among a small group of people but, if it "catches on with the masses," it will soon be embraced by the general public, making it mainstream.
Final Thought: "Caught on with the masses" emphasizes how popular culture, ideas, and innovations can quickly gain traction and become a significant part of everyday life when they resonate with large groups of people.
Read the sentence and infer the writer's tone: "The politician's speech was filled with lofty promises and little substance, a performance repeated every election season."