Step 1: Understanding primary education during the Muslim period
- During the Muslim period, primary education was imparted to children, typically focusing on reading, writing, and religious education. Various institutions provided this education, depending on the region and historical context.
Step 2: Analyzing the options
- (A) Madrasah: Madrasahs were institutions of higher learning in the Muslim world, where students studied religious, legal, and scientific subjects. While madrasahs did provide advanced education, they were not typically for primary education.
- (B) Maktab: Maktabs were schools primarily focused on imparting basic education, especially reading and writing, and were common during the Muslim period for primary education.
- (C) Ashram: Ashrams were centers of learning in ancient India, particularly for Hindu education, and were not related to Muslim education during the Muslim period.
- (D) Math: "Math" refers to mathematics, not an educational institution, and is irrelevant to the question about primary education.
Step 3: Conclusion
Thus, the correct answer is (B) Maktab, as it was the institution primarily associated with primary education during the Muslim period.
\[
\boxed{\text{Correct Answer: (B) Maktab}}
\]