Chamba Rumal is a traditional embroidery style that originates from the Chamba district in Himachal Pradesh, India. This art form is renowned for its fine, detailed stitches and vibrant colors, which are used to create intricate designs.
- State of Origin: Chamba Rumal is native to the state of Himachal Pradesh, particularly from the Chamba region.
1- Motifs Used: The motifs in Chamba Rumal embroidery are mostly inspired by nature, featuring designs such as flowers, animals, and birds. The floral patterns, such as lotus and poppy, are common, as well as intricate depictions of Hindu deities and mythological themes. The embroidery often reflects the local culture and religious significance.
The embroidery is usually done on a piece of muslin or cotton fabric, and the designs are created using fine silk threads in a technique called ‘do-rukha’ or double-sided embroidery.
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Loans from Co-operatives
Besides banks, the other major source of cheap credit in rural areas are the co-operative societies. Members of a co-operative pool their resources for co-operation in certain areas. There are several types of co-operatives possible such as farmers co-operatives, weavers co-operatives, industrial workers co-operatives etc. Krishak Co-operative functions in a village not very far away from Sonpur. It has 2300 farmers as members. It accepts deposits from its members. With these deposits as collateral, the co-operative has obtained a large loan from the bank. These funds are used to provide loans to members. Once these loans are repaid, another round of lending can take place. Krishak Co-operative provides loans for the purchase of agricultural equipment, loans for cultivation and agricultural trade, fishery loans, loans for construction of houses and for variety of other expenses.
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The Need for Political Parties
As we have seen, large societies need representative democracy. As societies became large and complex, they also needed some agency to gather different views on various issues and to present these to the government. They needed some ways, to bring various representatives together so that a responsible government could be formed. They needed a mechanism to support or restrain the government, make policies, justify or oppose them. Political parties fulfil these needs that every representative government has. We can say that parties are a necessary condition for a democracy.
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The Independence Day Pledge, 26 January 1930
“We believe that it is the inalienable right of the Indian people, as of any other people, to have freedom and to enjoy the fruits of their toil and have the necessities of life, so that they may have full opportunities of growth. We also believe that if any government deprives people of these rights and oppresses them, the people have a further right to alter it or abolish it. The British Government in India has not only deprived the Indian
people of their freedom but based itself on the exploitation of the masses, and has ruined India economically, politically, culturally and spiritually. We believe, therefore, that India must sever the British connection and attain Purna Swaraj or Complete Independence.”