Question

A just society, as conceptualized in the passage, can be best described as:

• A. A Utopia in which everyone is equal and no one enjoys any privilege based on their existing positions and powers.
• B. A hypothetical society in which people agree upon principles of justice which are fair.
• C. A society in which principles of justice are not based on the existing positions and powers of the individuals.
• D. A society in which principles of justice are fair to all.
• E. A hypothetical society in which principles of justice are not based on the existing positions and powers of the individuals.
• A. A hypothetical situation conceived to derive principles of justice which are not influenced by position, status and condition of individuals in the society.
• B. A hypothetical situation in which every individual is equal and no individual enjoys any privilege based on the existing positions and powers.
• C. A hypothetical situation to ensure fairness of agreements among individuals in society.
• D. An imagined situation in which principles of justice would have to be fair.
• J. An imagined situation in which fairness is the objective of the principles of justice to ensure that no individual enjoys any privilege based on the existing positions and powers.
• A. The principles of justice are chosen by businessmen, who are marooned on an uninhabited island after a shipwreck, but have some possibility of returning.
• B. The principles of justice are chosen by a group of school children whose capabilities are yet to develop.
• C. The principles of justice are chosen by businessmen, who are marooned on an uninhabited island after a shipwreck and have no possibility of returning.
• D. The principles of justice are chosen assuming that such principles will govern the lives of the rule makers only in their next birth if the rule makers agree that they will be born again.
• O. The principles of justice are chosen by potential immigrants who are unaware of the resources necessary to succeed in a foreign country.
• A. Social institutions and laws can be considered fair only if they conform to principles of justice.
• B. Social institutions and laws can be fair only if they are consistent with the principles of justice as initially agreed upon.
• C. Social institutions and laws need to be fair in order to be just.
• D. Social institutions and laws evolve fairly only if they are consistent with the principles of justice as initially agreed upon.
• T. Social institutions and laws conform to the principles of justice as initially agreed upon.
• A. All individuals are paid equally for the work they do.
• B. Everyone is assigned some work for his or her livelihood.
• C. All acts of theft are penalized equally.
• D. All children are provided free education in similar schools.
• Y. All individuals are provided a fixed sum of money to take care of their health.

Answer 1

The Correct Option is A

The passage describes “justice as fairness” as originating from a purely hypothetical ‘original position’ where no one knows their place in society, class, abilities, or personal advantages. This “veil of ignorance” ensures that principles are chosen without bias towards any existing positions or powers. Thus, a just society here is not an actual utopia, but a theoretical construct in which justice is determined under conditions of equality and impartiality. - Option (1) incorrectly frames it as an actual utopia rather than a hypothetical construct.
- Option (2) is partly correct but too general — it lacks the defining feature of ignoring existing positions.
- Option (3) and (4) are valid but omit the “hypothetical” aspect central to the concept.
- Option (5) captures both the hypothetical nature and the exclusion of existing positions/powers, aligning exactly with the passage.
\[ \boxed{\text{Option (5)}} \]

Answer 2

The passage describes the “original position” as a purely hypothetical situation, where principles of justice are chosen behind a “veil of ignorance” — meaning no one knows their social status, abilities, or circumstances. This ensures that the principles are free from bias or advantage based on existing positions and conditions. Option (1) encapsulates this most accurately. \[ \boxed{\text{Option (1)}} \]

Answer 3

The “veil of ignorance” concept ensures decision-makers don’t know their future position, resources, or abilities, removing bias. Option (5) mirrors this by describing people making choices without knowledge of the advantages or disadvantages they might face in the new country — aligning with the impartiality of the original position. \[ \boxed{\text{Option (5)}} \]

Answer 4

The passage emphasizes that social institutions and laws derive legitimacy and fairness from being aligned with the principles agreed upon in the original position. Option (2) captures this dependency — fairness is judged based on conformity to the initial agreement. \[ \boxed{\text{Option (2)}} \]

Answer 5

Justice as fairness is about ensuring equality of opportunity and removing advantages based on arbitrary factors like birth circumstances. Providing all children with free education in similar schools promotes equal opportunities regardless of social background, fitting the “veil of ignorance” principle. \[ \boxed{\text{Option (4)}} \]