Question

Match the concept to the correct answer: \[ \begin{array}{|c|l|c|l|} \hline \textbf{P} & \text{Confounding} & \textbf{i)} & \text{We can draw clear causal conclusions from an experiment.} \\ \hline \textbf{Q} & \text{High internal validity} & \textbf{ii)} & \text{Presence of an uncontrolled variable creates uncertainty as to} \\ & & & \text{whether the dependent variable was influenced by the independent variable.} \\ \hline \textbf{R} & \text{High external validity} & \textbf{iv)} & \text{The results of a study generalize to other settings and populations.} \\ \hline \textbf{S} & \text{Placebo effect} & \textbf{iii)} & \text{Participant improves because of the expectation of receiving a} \\ & & & \text{treatment, not because of the treatment itself.} \\ \hline \end{array} \]

• A. P: ii, Q: i, R: iv, S: iii
• B. P: iv, Q: ii, R: iii, S: i
• C. P: iii, Q: iv, R: ii, S: i
• D. P: i, Q: ii, R: ii, S: iv

Hint:

In experimental research, it's crucial to control for confounding variables to ensure high internal validity. The placebo effect highlights the power of expectation in influencing participant outcomes, which is important in understanding the true impact of a treatment.

Answer 1

The Correct Option is A

Let's break down each concept and its corresponding match: 
- P: Confounding refers to the presence of an uncontrolled variable that creates uncertainty about whether the independent variable has actually influenced the dependent variable. This is matched with ii), as confounding introduces ambiguity in establishing causal relationships. 
- Q: High internal validity occurs when we can draw clear causal conclusions from an experiment, meaning that the study's design eliminates alternative explanations for the results. This corresponds to i), as internal validity ensures the accuracy of causal claims. 
- R: High external validity is about how well the results of a study generalize to other settings and populations. This corresponds to iv), which describes the generalizability of a study's findings. 
- S: Placebo effect occurs when a participant improves due to the expectation of receiving a treatment, not because of the treatment itself. This corresponds to iii), as the placebo effect is driven by expectation rather than the actual intervention. 
Thus, the correct matching is: \[ \boxed{P: ii, Q: i, R: iv, S: iii} \]