Question

Magnetic resonance spectroscopy.

Hint:

MRS is an excellent tool for assessing brain metabolism, offering valuable insights in conditions like brain tumors and neurodegenerative diseases.

Answer 1

Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS) is a non-invasive imaging technique that provides biochemical information about tissues, particularly the brain. It measures the concentration of metabolites and helps in diagnosing and monitoring various neurological disorders.
Step 1: Principles of MRS:
1. Metabolite Detection: MRS detects the presence and concentration of various metabolites, such as N-acetylaspartate (NAA), choline, creatine, and lactate, which are important for brain metabolism.
2. Non-Invasive Technique: Unlike biopsy, MRS does not require tissue removal and can be performed alongside conventional MRI scans.
Step 2: Clinical Applications:
1. Brain Tumors: MRS is used to distinguish between malignant and benign tumors, as tumors often show altered metabolite levels.
2. Epilepsy: MRS can identify abnormal metabolic activity in the brain, helping in the localization of epileptic foci.
3. Neurodegenerative Diseases: It is helpful in assessing metabolic changes in diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, and Huntington’s disease.
4. Stroke: MRS can detect ischemic changes in brain tissues and monitor the recovery process.
Step 3: Limitations of MRS:
1. Resolution: MRS typically has lower spatial resolution compared to conventional MRI, limiting its ability to accurately assess small lesions.
2. Technical Challenges: The technique requires specialized equipment and expertise to interpret results.