Question

________ is a sampling procedure in which each element of the population has a fixed probabilistic chance of being selected for the sample.

• A. Nonprobability sampling
• B. Probability sampling
• C. Convenience sampling
• D. Judgmental sampling

Hint:

Known, nonzero $p(i)$ for every element = probability sampling. Unknown/zero $p(i)$ = nonprobability.

Answer 1

The Correct Option is B

Step 1: Identify the key phrase.
“Each element has a fixed probabilistic chance of selection” is the textbook hallmark of probability sampling.
Step 2: Contrast with nonprobability methods.
Convenience and judgmental sampling are nonprobability procedures; selection chances are unknown and may be subjective or accessibility-based.
Step 3: Conclusion.
Only probability sampling guarantees a known, non-zero selection probability, enabling sampling error estimation and generalization under design assumptions. \[ \boxed{(b)} \]