Intermolecular forces are forces of attraction and repulsion between interacting paiticles that will include :
A. dipole - dipole forces. B. dipole - induced dipole forces. C. hydrogen bonding. D. covalent bonding. E. dispersion forces. Choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below :
Intermolecular forces are forces of attraction and repulsion between interacting paiticles that will include :
A, B, C, D are correct.
A, B, C, E are correct.
A, C, D, E are correct.
B, C, D, E are correct.
The Correct Option is B
Solution and Explanation
Intermolecular forces are the forces of attraction or repulsion between molecules. These forces determine many physical properties of substances, such as boiling points, melting points, and solubility. Let’s go over the different types of intermolecular forces mentioned:
Types of Intermolecular Forces
- Dipole-Dipole Attraction: This occurs when two or more polar molecules come into contact. The positive end of one molecule attracts the negative end of another, resulting in a dipole-dipole attraction.
- Dipole-Induced Dipole Attraction: This happens when a polar molecule induces a dipole in a nonpolar molecule. The polar molecule causes the nonpolar molecule to have a temporary dipole, leading to attraction.
- Hydrogen Bonding: This is a special type of dipole-dipole attraction where hydrogen is bonded to a highly electronegative element (such as oxygen, nitrogen, or fluorine). This results in a strong intermolecular force.
- Dispersion Forces (London Dispersion Forces): These are the weakest intermolecular forces and occur primarily between nonpolar molecules. They are caused by temporary fluctuations in electron distribution within molecules, which create instantaneous dipoles.
- Covalent Bonds: Covalent bonds are not intermolecular forces; they occur between atoms within a molecule, where electrons are shared between atoms.
Conclusion
Based on the explanation above, the correct options are:
- A: Dipole-Dipole Attraction is correct.
- B: Dipole-Induced Dipole Attraction is correct.
- C: Hydrogen Bonding is correct (it is a special form of dipole-dipole interaction).
- E: Dispersion Forces are correct (they function between nonpolar molecules).
Final Answer:
The correct option is (B): A, B, C, E are correct.
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Concepts Used:
States of Matter
The matter is made up of very tiny particles and these particles are so small that we cannot see them with naked eyes.
There are three States of Matter:
The three states of matter are as follows:
Solid State:
- The solid-state is one of the fundamental states of matter.
- Solids differ from liquids and gases by the characteristic of rigidity.
- The molecules of solids are tightly packed because of strong intermolecular forces; they only oscillate about their mean positions.
Liquid State:
- The molecules in a liquid are closely packed due to weak intermolecular forces.
- These forces are weaker than solids but stronger than that of gases.
- There is much space in between the molecules of liquids which makes their flowing ability easy.
Gaseous State:
- In this state of matter, distances between the molecules are large (intermolecular distance is in the range of 10-7-10-5 cm.
- The intermolecular forces experienced between them are negligible.
- Thus, translatory, rotatory and vibratory motions are observed prominently in gases.