Question

In which of the following ways did the founding scholars usually distinguish New Social Movements (NSMs) from Old Social Movements?

• A. NSMs are devoted to changing cultural norms concerning individual dignity rather than bringing about structural transformation.
• B. NSMs are based in social class and not on social identities.
• C. NSMs reject hierarchical organisational structures and prefer flexible, horizontal participation.
• D. NSMs are all revolutionary in their mode of action.

Hint:

New Social Movements emphasize identity, culture, and participation rather than class struggle and centralized leadership.

Answer 1

The Correct Option is A, C

Step 1: Understanding New Social Movements.
New Social Movements focus on issues such as identity, culture, lifestyle, gender, environment, and human rights rather than purely economic or class-based struggles.
Step 2: Distinction from Old Social Movements.
Old Social Movements were primarily class-based and aimed at structural or economic transformation, while NSMs emphasize cultural change and individual dignity.
Step 3: Organisational structure.
Founding scholars observed that NSMs generally reject rigid hierarchies and instead promote decentralized, participatory, and horizontal forms of organisation.
Step 4: Elimination of incorrect options.
NSMs are not based solely on social class and are not necessarily revolutionary in their methods.
Final Answer: (A), (C)