In nature, populations of different species in a habitat do not live in isolation but interact in many ways. Depending on the outcome, these interactions between two species are classified as competition, predation, parasitism, commensalism, amensalism, and mutualism. Through these interactions, trophic energy transfer is facil itated. Some predators help in controlling their prey populations, whereas plants have evolved diverse morphological and chemical defenses against herbivores.
Question: 1
Name the population interaction which takes place when one species is benefited and another species has no effect (no benefit, no harm).
In the study of population interactions within biology, there are various relationships that can develop between different species inhabiting the same environment. These interactions can be beneficial, neutral, or detrimental to the species involved. Among the key types of interactions are:
Competition: Both species are harmed.
Predation: One species benefits while the other is harmed.
Commensalism: One species benefits and the other is neither harmed nor benefited.
Amensalism: One species is harmed while the other is unaffected.
Mutualism: Both species benefit.
Given the question, the type of interaction where one species benefits and the other is unaffected is called commensalism. In commensalism, the relationship is such that one organism derives some benefit, like transportation or shelter, without impacting the other. Examples include barnacles on whales or birds nesting in trees.
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Approach Solution -2
Commensalism is a type of interaction between two species where one species benefits, and the other is neither harmed nor helped. This is the interaction described in the question.
Competition (1) occurs when both species are negatively impacted by the interaction as they compete for resources.
Predation (2) involves one species benefiting (the predator) at the expense of the other (the prey).
Amensalism (4) is when one species is harmed and the other is unaffected, which is not the case here.
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Question: 2
Identify the incorrect matching from the following population interactions:
In nature, populations of different species interact in various ways, and these interactions are classified into mutualism, parasitism, predation, amensalism, commensalism, and competition. Each interaction has distinct characteristics:
Mutualism: Both species benefit from the interaction. An example is bees pollinating flowers while getting nectar.
Parasitism: One species (the parasite) benefits at the expense of the other (the host). Tapeworms in the intestines of mammals are an example.
Predation: One species (the predator) benefits by killing and eating the other species (the prey). Unlike parasitism, predation usually results in the immediate death of the prey.
Amensalism: One organism is harmed, and the other is unaffected. An example is a tree shading smaller plants, thereby limiting their growth.
Among the options provided, predation can sometimes be incorrectly matched due to misconceptions. Predation is not an interaction where both benefit akin to mutualism or parasitism's ongoing exploitation, but rather an interaction resulting in the immediate demise of one party.
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Approach Solution -2
The interaction Predation is incorrectly matched in the table. Predation involves one species benefiting (+) and the other being harmed (−), so the correct interaction should be labeled as + −, but the table mistakenly matches it with − −, which refers to a different interaction.
Here are the correct matches:
Mutualism (+ +): Both species benefit.
Parasitism (+ −): One species benefits (parasite), and the other is harmed (host).
Amensalism (− 0): One species is harmed, and the other is unaffected.
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Question: 3
Given below are two statements: Statement I: An orchid grows as an epiphyte on a mango branch where the mango tree does not derive any apparent benefit from it. Statement II: An orchid growing on a mango tree is an example of commensalism. Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
In biology, interactions between two species can have various outcomes. One such interaction is commensalism, where one species benefits, and the other is neither harmed nor benefited.
Statement I describes an orchid growing as an epiphyte on a mango branch. Here, the orchid benefits from support and elevation provided by the mango tree, without affecting the tree. This interaction perfectly fits the definition of commensalism, which indicates Statement I is true.
Statement II asserts that an orchid growing on a mango tree exemplifies commensalism. Given our understanding of commensalism, this is indeed an accurate description. Hence, Statement II is also true.
Therefore, the logical conclusion is that both Statement I and Statement II are true.
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Statement I: An orchid growing as an epiphyte on a mango branch where the mango tree does not derive any apparent benefit from it is accurate. Orchids growing as epiphytes do not harm or benefit the tree they grow on.
Statement II: An orchid growing on a mango tree is an example of commensalism, which is a type of relationship where one species benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed, which fits this scenario perfectly.
Thus, both statements are true in this context.
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Question: 4
Match List-I with List-II:
List-I (Examples)
List-II (Interactions)
(A) Extinction of Abingdon tortoise after introduction of goats on Galapagos Islands
(I) Parasitism
(B) Infestations of marine fish by copepods
(II) Commensalism
(C) Cattle egret and grazing cattle
(III) Mutualism
(D) Fig tree and wasp
(IV) Competition
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
Match each example from List-I with its corresponding interaction type from List-II using the context provided.
Explanation: In biology, different species interact in diverse ways which can be classified into several types, such as competition, parasitism, commensalism, and mutualism. Let's analyze each item:
Extinction of Abingdon tortoise after introduction of goats on Galapagos Islands Goats competed with the tortoise for resources, leading to its extinction, which is an example of Competition (IV).
Infestations of marine fish by copepods Copepods living on marine fish indicate a relationship where one benefits at the expense of the other, an example of Parasitism (I).
Cattle egret and grazing cattle The egret benefits by eating insects stirred up by grazing cattle without affecting them, typical of Commensalism (II).
Fig tree and wasp This involves both species benefiting, as the wasp pollinates the fig tree while getting a place to lay its eggs, an example of Mutualism (III).
Solution: Based on the logical deductions above, the correct matching of the options is:
(A) - (IV), (B) - (I), (C) - (II), (D) - (III)
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(A) Extinction of Abingdon tortoise after introduction of goats on Galapagos Islands: This situation represents Competition (IV), where the goats and tortoises compete for the same resources, resulting in the extinction of the tortoises.
(B) Infestations of marine fish by copepods: This situation is an example of Parasitism (I), where copepods harm the marine fish by infesting them.
(C) Cattle egret and grazing cattle: This represents Commensalism (II), where the cattle egret benefits by eating insects from the cattle, but the cattle are not affected.
(D) Fig tree and wasp: This is an example of Mutualism (III), where the fig tree provides food to the wasps, and in return, the wasps pollinate the fig tree.
Thus, the correct answer is (4).
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Question: 5
Select the incorrect pair in response to abiotic factors:
We maintain a constant body temperature of 37°C – Conformer
Every winter Keoladeo National Park hosts the birds coming from Siberia – Migration
Under unfavorable conditions many zooplankton species in ponds enter the stage of suspended development – Diapause
If a predator is too efficient it overexploits its prey – Extinction
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The Correct Option isA
Approach Solution - 1
The given question is about identifying an incorrect pair related to abiotic factors. Let's analyze each option to identify the incorrect pair:
We maintain a constant body temperature of 37°C – Conformer: Humans are regulators, not conformers. Conformers are organisms whose internal conditions vary with the environmental conditions. Since humans maintain a constant body temperature irrespective of the environment, they are regulators. Therefore, this is the incorrect pair.
Every winter Keoladeo National Park hosts the birds coming from Siberia – Migration: This option illustrates migration, a strategy organisms use to escape extreme conditions by moving to a different habitat. This pair is correct.
Under unfavorable conditions many zooplankton species in ponds enter the stage of suspended development – Diapause: Diapause is a period of suspended development in response to adverse conditions, correctly associated with zooplankton in unfavorable conditions. This pair is correct.
If a predator is too efficient it overexploits its prey – Extinction: Predators can cause the extinction of prey populations if left unchecked, making this a plausible scenario. This pair is correct.
Thus, the incorrect pair is We maintain a constant body temperature of 37°C – Conformer.
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Conformers are organisms that cannot regulate their body temperature and thus conform to the temperature of their surroundings. Humans, who maintain a constant body temperature of 37°C, are regulators rather than conformers. Hence, the pair in (1) is incorrect.
The other options are correct because:
(2) Birds migrating to Keoladeo National Park from Siberia represent migration, which is a response to abiotic factors.
(3) Diapause is a state of suspended development in response to unfavorable conditions, commonly seen in zooplankton.
(4) Predators overexploiting prey to the point of extinction is a correct interpretation of how predator-prey dynamics can lead to extinction.
