In nature, populations of different species in a habitat do not live in isolation but interact in many ways. Depending on the outcome, these interactions between two species are classified as competition, predation, parasitism, commensalism, amensalism, and mutualism. Through these interactions, trophic energy transfer is facil itated. Some predators help in controlling their prey populations, whereas plants have evolved diverse morphological and chemical defenses against herbivores.
Question: 1
Name the population interaction which takes place when one species is benefited and another species has no effect (no benefit, no harm).
Commensalism is a type of interaction where one species benefits while the other species is neither helped nor harmed. This interaction is common in nature and can be seen in relationships such as barnacles attaching to whales, where the barnacle benefits from movement to new food sources, but the whale is unaffected.
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Approach Solution -2
Commensalism is a type of interaction between two species where one species benefits, and the other is neither harmed nor helped. This is the interaction described in the question.
Competition (1) occurs when both species are negatively impacted by the interaction as they compete for resources.
Predation (2) involves one species benefiting (the predator) at the expense of the other (the prey).
Amensalism (4) is when one species is harmed and the other is unaffected, which is not the case here.
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Question: 2
Identify the incorrect matching from the following population interactions:
Predation involves a +/– interaction, where one species (the predator) benefits by feeding on the other species (the prey), which is harmed. A –/– interaction is incorrect for predation, as both species are not negatively impacted in a predator-prey relationship.
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Approach Solution -2
The interaction Predation is incorrectly matched in the table. Predation involves one species benefiting (+) and the other being harmed (−), so the correct interaction should be labeled as + −, but the table mistakenly matches it with − −, which refers to a different interaction.
Here are the correct matches:
Mutualism (+ +): Both species benefit.
Parasitism (+ −): One species benefits (parasite), and the other is harmed (host).
Amensalism (− 0): One species is harmed, and the other is unaffected.
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Question: 3
Given below are two statements: Statement I: An orchid grows as an epiphyte on a mango branch where the mango tree does not derive any apparent benefit from it. Statement II: An orchid growing on a mango tree is an example of commensalism. Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
Orchids benefit by growing on mango trees without harming them, which is an example of commensalism, where one species benefits, and the other is unaffected.
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Approach Solution -2
Statement I: An orchid growing as an epiphyte on a mango branch where the mango tree does not derive any apparent benefit from it is accurate. Orchids growing as epiphytes do not harm or benefit the tree they grow on.
Statement II: An orchid growing on a mango tree is an example of commensalism, which is a type of relationship where one species benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed, which fits this scenario perfectly.
Thus, both statements are true in this context.
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Question: 4
Match List-I with List-II:
List-I (Examples)
List-II (Interactions)
(A) Extinction of Abingdon tortoise after introduction of goats on Galapagos Islands
(I) Parasitism
(B) Infestations of marine fish by copepods
(II) Commensalism
(C) Cattle egret and grazing cattle
(III) Mutualism
(D) Fig tree and wasp
(IV) Competition
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
The correct matches reflect various ecological interactions: competition, parasitism, commensalism, and mutualism.
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Approach Solution -2
(A) Extinction of Abingdon tortoise after introduction of goats on Galapagos Islands: This situation represents Competition (IV), where the goats and tortoises compete for the same resources, resulting in the extinction of the tortoises.
(B) Infestations of marine fish by copepods: This situation is an example of Parasitism (I), where copepods harm the marine fish by infesting them.
(C) Cattle egret and grazing cattle: This represents Commensalism (II), where the cattle egret benefits by eating insects from the cattle, but the cattle are not affected.
(D) Fig tree and wasp: This is an example of Mutualism (III), where the fig tree provides food to the wasps, and in return, the wasps pollinate the fig tree.
Thus, the correct answer is (4).
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Question: 5
Select the incorrect pair in response to abiotic factors:
We maintain a constant body temperature of 37°C – Conformer
Every winter Keoladeo National Park hosts the birds coming from Siberia – Migration
Under unfavorable conditions many zooplankton species in ponds enter the stage of suspended development – Diapause
If a predator is too efficient it overexploits its prey – Extinction
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The Correct Option isA
Approach Solution - 1
Humans maintain a constant internal temperature, making us regulators rather than conformers. Conformers are organisms whose body temperature varies with the environment.
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Approach Solution -2
Conformers are organisms that cannot regulate their body temperature and thus conform to the temperature of their surroundings. Humans, who maintain a constant body temperature of 37°C, are regulators rather than conformers. Hence, the pair in (1) is incorrect.
The other options are correct because:
(2) Birds migrating to Keoladeo National Park from Siberia represent migration, which is a response to abiotic factors.
(3) Diapause is a state of suspended development in response to unfavorable conditions, commonly seen in zooplankton.
(4) Predators overexploiting prey to the point of extinction is a correct interpretation of how predator-prey dynamics can lead to extinction.
