Figure 1 shows the configuration of main scale and Vernier scale before measurement. Fig. 2 shows the configuration corresponding to the measurement of diameter $ D $ of a tube. The measured value of $ D $ is:
If the value of \( \cos \alpha \) is \( \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2} \), then \( A + A = I \), where \[ A = \begin{bmatrix} \sin\alpha & -\cos\alpha \\ \cos\alpha & \sin\alpha \end{bmatrix}. \]
The physical world includes the complications of the natural world around us. It is a type of analysis of the physical world around us to understand how it works. The fundamental forces that control nature are: